Review: 1560-1715

• Church enters crisis of authority
• Ongoing conflicts and disease
• Rise of people who are questioning the authority and validity of the church hierarchy
• Machiavelli rejected the idea that popes were more important than kings
• Saw the need to reform the Church because the state itself was a secular thing.
• Religion and faith were not political ideas; they could bring cohesion to the state.
• Rise in middle class
• Capitalism didn't exist yet.  
• Many reformers that did not agree with the Church.  
• Corruption was the problem for the Church.
• Peasantry was also moving into a new position.
• Began to revolt against the aristocracy in England, Italy, France, and Germany
• Against political, economic, social, and religious authority. 
• Martin Luther 1483-1546
• Was the son of a middle class family.
• Became an Augustinian monk (Catholic)
• It was through this that he began his attack on the sale of indulgences. 
• In 1517 he posted the 95 Thesis on the door of the Cathedral of 
• Luther's idea appealed to the people who resented the corruption of the Catholic clergy
• Resented the wealth, authority, and corruption in the Church. 
• Luther was liked by the peasants and nobility.
• Luther's ideas helped guide John Calvin.
• John Calvin
• Moralist
• Believed that moral righteousness must be pursued.  
• The ethic of Calvinism was the ethic of self control.  
• He put forth the idea that the overwhelming majority of human beings are damned and that it is all God's will. 
• Geneva, Switzerland becomes the Calvinist stronghold.  In France the Calvinists are called Huguenot.  In England it goes along with the reformation. 
• Inquisition enlarged its activity.
• Index of forbidden books
• Confirmed by the Council of Trent (1546)
• Was not taken down until 1966. 
• The Church was shattered, there was a rise in folk religion and witchcraft, and even Protestantism starts to fragment into numerous sects. 
• The power of the monarchs increases.  
• The Church really becomes more of a political organization. 
• The pope himself was like a king.
• Europe only had 30 years of international peace between 1560-1715. 
• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
• Princes were allowed to choose which religion their principality followed.  This actually increased hostilities. 
• Catholics tried to ally with each other and so did Protestants. idiological alliances - alliances based on similarities in idioloy.  
• Thirty Years War began in Bohemia. 
• Ferdinand II became king of Bohemia in 1617. 
• He was a Catholic. 
• Bohemian Protestants feared that he would try to make Bohemia Catholic. 
• Ferdinand was deposed and crown offered to Frederick IV.
• Protestant Union led by Frederick, Catholic League led by Ferdinand. 
• Ferdinand tried to use the Jesuits to re-Catholicize the are. 
• 1625 - King of Denmark joins Protestants. 
• He was more interested n gaining land than helping, and his forces were defeated
• Was defeated by Catholic Wallenstein and his army. 
• Even Wallenstein wanted to gain personal power. 
• 1629 - Denmark withdraws from the Thirty years War
• Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution
• Restores all Land to Catholics
• 1630 - Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, enters war to protect claims to the Baltic's 
• Gustavus won in Saxony (Lutzen) against Wallenstein, but Gustavus dies. 
• France now sees it's opportunity.
• Cardinal Richeleu decided to accept any allies regardless of religion. 
• 1635 - declares war on Spain
• 1643 - Spainsh Habsburgs defeated by France
• Treaty of Westphalia
• Signed in 1648
• Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire. 
• France gets the right to Alsace. 
• Thirty Years War
• Destroyed much of Europe. 
• Holy Roman Empire lost 1/4 of it's inhabitants. 
• Many civil wars
• Protestantism was illegal in France
• But it's numbers grew. 
• Guise 
• Powerful Catholic family in France.  
• 1562 - War breaks out between Protestants and Catholics.  
• Around 70, 000 Protestants were killed that year through fighting between Protestants and Catholics.  
• Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV. 
• Issued Edict of Nantest. 
• Grants tolerance to Protestantism. 
• Edict revoked by Louis XIV. 
• 1560's  - Dutch revolted against king of Spain.  
• Phillip recognized that the Dutch were very powerful.  
• 1575 - Protestant united under William of Orange. 
• Fought against the tyranny of Phillip. 
• Scots rebel against Mary Queen of Scots. 
• She was Catholic.  
• 1528 - destruction of Spainish Armada
• England 
• Go into Civil War between 1640-1660. 
• Behead Charles and Cromwell takes over. 
• All of these  conflicts were caused by religious and often political struggles.
• French become dominant power
• Power of Spain declines. 
• Role of the absolute monarch perfected 
• Louis XIV 
• lived above the laws. 
• Period is a defined by mercantilism.  
• Fixed amount of raw materials on the earth. 
• 1521-1660
• Spanish imported 18,000 tons of silver from the New World
• Caused their economy to crash. 
• New World exploration for gold increased gold in Europe by 20%. 
• Gold and silver saw an enormous expansion in the markets. 
• Bourgeoisie class emerged. 
• "Men of the town"
• upper middle class. 
• Business people of Europe.  
• Men who made thieer money in banking, investment, and business. 
• Dutch and English would provide the commercial spirit. 
• Set into motion the Industrial Revolution
• Exploration in the New World
• To find a northwest passage
• Through Canada to China
• Saint Lawrence River
• Mississippi River
• English establish colonies. 
• English Catholics came to Maryland
• St. Thomas Island
• First college was founded in the New World
• Harvard in 1636. 
• Not founded by John Harvard, but named after him. 
• Founded by the Puritan teachers there. 
• Scientific Revolution
• Science, mathematics, astronomy
• Scientists
• Copernicus 
• Heliocentricism 
• Bruno
• Burned at the stake
• Kepler
• Tycho Brahe
• Galileo 
• Robert Hooke
• Robert Boyle
• Edmond Hayley
• Isaac Newto
• Philosophers
• Rene DeCart
• John Locke
• Francis Bacon
• Thomas Hobbes
• monarchist/absolutist
• wrote Leviathan
• Leibniz 
• Spinoza 
• *****LOOK UP SCIENTISTS AND PHILOSOPHERS FOR MIDTERM******
• Witchcraft
• By 1660 there was a lengthy tradition of witchcraft in Europe. 
• Mostly by country folk and peasants. 
• There was a lot of suspicion about them.
• Tradition can be traced back all the way through the Pagan origins of European culture. 
• They were suspicious, but they lived with it. 
• Changed in the 17th Century. 
• 2 types of witchcraft
• Healing and fortune telling
• Demonology
• bringing up and conversing with evil spirits
• Not all witches who did one type did the other. 
• Many different kinds of witches.
• The Church believed that witches had entered into a bond with Satan and were working against God and the Church. 
• Witches held secret meetings with Satan
• Tried to persecute witches for heresy
• Persecutions became fear and anxiety. 
• Spread rumors about the witches that they were plotting to overthrow the Church. 
• Malleus Maleficarum was a book written in the 15th century. 
• "The Witch Hammer"
• Written by  Heinrich Kramer, an Inquisitor of the Catholic Church, and Jacob Sprenger. 
• Women were linked with witchcraft. 
• Were female and male witches, but Church went after women. 
• 100,000 people were tried for witchcraft. 
• 10,000 were executed
• Burned at the stake
• Believed that women were perceived to be "the weaker vessel" 
• Give in more to temptation
• 1700: Burning Ties died down
• The Reformation triggered an intellectual backlash. 
• backlash against religious fanaticism
• Atmosphere which implied that it was reason that could figure out the world. 
• Led to the Enlightenment
• Enlightenment Period
• Bring faith into accordance with reason. 
• The noble elite, who had hired astrologers and other "witches."