Practice Test 1

30/80


Topics to Study:

• Artistic movements of Pablo Picasso
• Policies of both Napoleon I and Peter the Great
• Why the English explorers of the coast of North America were searching for a "northwest passage"
• Biggest medical advancement of the 18th century
• Napoleon's Continental System
• War of Austrian Succession and Maria Theresa
• Principles of laissez-faire
• Differences between Yugoslavia in the 1980s and in the 1960s
• English Corn Laws
• The art movement that reflected a world that no longer "made sense"
• The Warsaw Pact
• Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan
• Differences between Mussolini and Hitler
• Naturalism
• Time periods that royal families came to power
• How Frederick II of Prussia was an enlightened leader
• Gains of the Seven Years War
• Neo-Nazis and neo-fascists
• European colonies in Africa
• Zwingli
• William Harvey
• Definition of the scientific method
• British Navigation Acts
• Late 20th century ecumenical movement
• Postwar similarities of WWI and WWII
• The Pretender
• Thermidorean Reaction
• Reasons Parliament could strengthen its power over the monarchy in England during the 18th century
• Where Calvinism spread
• Attitude of Russian civilians after WWII
• First Russian leader to discuss Stalin's crimes
• The Schlieffen Plan
• Beliefs of the Society of Friends
• Least important British gain by the settling of the War of Spanish Succession
• Tycho Brahe's biggest contribution to astronomy
• Reasons that the Frankfurt Assembly failed to unite Germany
• Realpolitik

WWI DBQ

Convoluted alliances and racism had caused tension to be built up for years between many of the European powers; this tension finally reached the boiling point with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand beginning World War I.

Prior to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, many alliances had formed within Europe along with many resentments.  The Dual-Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany was created in Vienna on October 7, 1879.  The terms of this alliance stated that if one of the two empires (Germany and Austria-Hungary) were attacked by Russia or another power, then the two empires would ally together (Doc. 1).  Italy was then added to this alliance in 1882 to create the Triple Alliance (Doc. 2).  At this time Russia was also allied with France and Serbia.

During this time in history there was also a great amount of racism.  Much of this racism came from the Germanic peoples thinking that they were superior to people like the Serbs and the Slavs.  The Germanic people belonged to the Aryan race, which the Germanic peoples believed was the best (Doc 3).  Many Austria-Hungarians were Germanic, so they believed themselves to be superior to the Serbs. This caused the Serbs to feel resentment towards the Austria-Hungarians; so much resentment that the Serbs would assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were both assassinated by a Serbian group called the Black Hand while visiting Serbia (Doc 9).  The Black Hand was a Serbian Nationalist group that wanted Serbia to rise up and take control of any areas that Serbians lived in (Doc 6).  The assassination of Franz Ferdinand naturally angered Austria-Hungary. The Austria-Hungarian Minister of Belgrade sent the Royal Serbian Government terms, which if followed, would stop Austria-Hungary from declaring war on Serbia.  Serbia, however, did not agree with all of the terms (Doc. 7).  So, on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (Doc 8).

Emperor William II of Germany conversed with Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to try to keep the war between only Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and not to extend the war to Russia and Germany.  Russia, however, mobilized it's army against Austria-Hungary, causing Germany to then have to mobilize it's army because it was allied with Austria-Hungary (Doc. 8).  This then brought the other allies of Russia and Germany into the mix: France (Russia) and Italy (Germany).  The racism and convoluted alliances in Europe were the main reasons that World War I.

Rough Draft of Term Paper 2

Paper

1st Rough Draft of Term Paper

Rough Draft

FRQ

2. Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.


French - people were very poor. revolting for change in way government was being run.  revolted against the wealthy and the clergy.

Italy - Mazzini and Garibaldi's followers were in southern Italy.  This area was also very poor.  People wanted equality.



The French Revolution was an uprising of the impoverished people against the wealthy upper class and clergy in France, who ran the government.  Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolution was for a democratic government, where all people were represented equally and there was universal male suffrage.  Both groups were made up of poor, lower-class people and both wanted universal male suffrage; however, Mazzini and Garibaldi were uprising against a people from a geographic area for unification, rather than going against one specific person for a new government.

In France, the people were unified under one king.  The French Revolution took place because the people were tired of being oppressed by their government.  The people were led by a monarch,who did his best to make life prosperous for the wealthy, but did nothing for the poor. The French became violent and angry, rallying outside the gates of castles and seizing buildings where weapons and ammunition were stored. They wanted their voices to be heard in government, so that a new democratic government could be created.  

Oppositely, the Italian revolutionaries of the south, were not unified with Northern Italy.  Mazzini and Garibaldi represented these people of Southern Italy.  Southern Italy was agricultural and the people who lived there were often poor farmers.  Northern Italy, however, was very wealthy because there were many natural resources in the north that could be used to make goods.  The followers of Mazzini and Garibaldi wanted to become unified with the North, but only if there could be universal male suffrage and if they could also receive some of the wealth that Northern Italy had.

The revolutionaries in French succeeded in their aspirations to get rid of their monarch and create a more democratic government, while Mazzini and Garibaldi did not.  Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutions failed because they did not have much power against the North who was allied with France and could easily overcome them.  Their plans of becoming unified with Northern Italy did eventually occur, but their living situation and representation did not improve much.  To this day, Southern Italy is still poor in comparison to the North.  Universal male suffrage was accomplished, but the people of the north, being wealthier and well-educated, still held most of the power.

In conclusion, both the French revolutionaries and Mazzini and Garibaldi believed in universal suffrage for the people, but Mazzini and Garibaldi wanted unification between Northern and Southern Italy, unlike France who wanted to rid France of it's monarch.  France did not need to be unified because it already was, rather it needed to remove itself from it's government.

Final Draft of Outline

Outline

Real Politik Terms

Terms

Real Politik the political manifestation of what was considered Realism

• The Crimean War
• 1853-1856
• Seems to have small consequences, but there are actually much bigger problems to come out of it. 
• First war to be covered by journalists. 
• First war to involve female nurses
• Rise of the field of medicine. 
• 1853 - Nicolas I, czar of Russia, moves troops into Romania. 
• At the time Romania was split into 2 provinces
• Moves the troops in under the guise that he will be protecting Christians in the Holy Land.
• Western Europe is not happy about this.  They don't want Russian influences coming down this far into trade routes with the East. 
• The French convince the Turks to resist the Russian encroachment. The French don't like the Turks, but they are more scared of the Russian's gaining territory than of the Turks, so they encourage the Turks to go to war with the Russians, which they do. 
• War breaks out between Turkey and Russia in 1853. Britain and France join with the Turks against Russia. 
• Europe and Turkey are allied and Britain and France are allied. 
• Russians force the battle onto the Crimean Peninsula 
• In the battle, Britain blocked off the Black Sea from the Mediterranean, so that the Russians could not get supplies from Turkey. 
• Czar of Russia died in 
• Alexander takes over and there is a treaty between him (Russia), Turkey/Britain/France
• Russia agreed that it would not leave it's own established borders even under the pretense of security for Christians in southeastern Europe. 
• the two provinces in Romania are made independent states. They unify into Romania
• Alexander was not allowed any longer to put ships on the Black Sea. 
• Alexander is an absolute monarch.