The Burning Times and The Reformation

• The Tudor Rose 
• Union between York and Lancaster
• Henry VIII wanted to get divorced. The Vatican said "No." Henry VIII says "Fine then. I'll split the Church of England from the Catholic Church."
• What winds up happening is that there are years of bloody conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.  

The Burning Times:

• Anne Boleyn returned to England at age 22 as a sophisticated woman.  
• She was not considered to be very beautiful.  She was average.  
• She was extremely charming though.  
• Henry VIII had to work hard to get Anne.  He wrote many letters in his attempt to woe her.  
• She was young, vibrant, and she gave Henry the opportunity of having a son.  
• Henry was estranged from his wife Catherine.  She could not give him what he really wanted; a son. 
• Henry wanted a son so that he could pass on his family name.  
• However, Catherine did produce a daughter named Mary. 
• Anne would not be his mistress, so Henry tried to divorce Catherine. 
• Thomas Wolsey
• He was the Archbishop in England. 
• He could not get the Pope to give Henry a divorce and this angered Henry. 
• He got rid of Thomas Wolsey.  
• Wolsey was convicted of high treason and he died within a year.  
• The Vatican would not allow an annulment of the marriage.  
• Anne gave Henry documents from the early church that said that there was royal supremacy.  
• Henry's ego began to grow.  
• The word "imperial" started to be used a lot.  
• Henry was compared with Caesar. 
• He was very similar to him.  
• He built 50 grand palaces and had many servants and other workers. 
• The Church found itself on the wrong side of a nasty argument. 
• Henry married Anne in secret. 
• In 1532 there was a submission of the Clergy.  From now on the laws of the Church would be governed by the will of the king.  This document made it so that the King of England was the ruler of the Church of England instead of the pope.
• The Protestant Church of German had not yet influenced Henry.  
• Henry made it so that divorce be allowed.  
• Anne was soon crowned queen and she became pregnant.
• Henry gives Catherine the title of Princess Dowager and sent her off to a castle somewhere.  
• Princess Mary was bastardized.  
• The English Church separated from the Church.  
• This was a reformation of sorts, but no real documents or traditions of the church changed.  
• Things might have remained the same, but they didn't.  

The Reformation

• Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer were the two people that started the reformation.  
• Without either the reformation would not have happened or would have been different. 
• Cromwell was chief minister. He solidified Henry's rule. 
• He made it so that if someone said something against the Church of England it would be considered treason.
• For the first time in English law it was a crime to say anything against the royal family. 
• Cromwell and his men enjoyed their work of disciplining people that spoke against the Church too much.  
• Many innocent men and women were executed. 
• Anne's first child was a girl named Elizabeth.  
• Soon after this Catherine of Aragon dies. 
• Cromwell realizes that if anything would happen to Henry the Kingdom would go to his first born daughter, Mary.  
• 15 months after the birth of her daughter, Anne was pregnant again. On the 29th of January Anne miscarried. Had the baby lived, it would've been a boy.  
• Cromwell is scared that Anne Boleyn will not leave Henry a male heir.  He decides that she must be executed.  
• The price of peace would be to re-legitimize Mary. 
• Anne was accused of being an adulteress and witchcraft. 
• Cromwell said Anne had had sex with many of the people who served the king, were friends with the king, and even her own brother. 
• All of Anne's so called lovers were also executed. 
• Anne was extremely brave. She was executed by having her head chopped off. 
• Henry married again.  Her name was Jane Seymour.  
• She gave Henry a son, named Edward, but she died 12 days after his birth.
• A law was made so that only noblemen and priests could read the English Bible. 
• In 1540 Cromwell had fallen.  He was executed after his schemes for an alliance with a Lutheran princess fell through. 
• To the dismay of the reformers, the pure Catholic beliefs, were Henry's too. 
• Henry re-legitimizes both Mary and Elizabeth. 
• Henry died in the 1540's.  
• Edward (VI), the heir apparent, and his half sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, would have differences on religion. 
• the 9 year old boy king was led by Thomas Cranmer.
• This was the start of the real Reformation. 
• All the customs and ceremonies of the old church were banned.  The cults of saints were forbidden.  Images, statues, stained glass, and paintings were attacked with chisels and lime wash. 
• In 1550, the priests invited the people to partake in communion for the first time.  
• This radical transformation would not have been possible without Edward VI. 
• Edward's views differed from Mary's. Mary was Catholic. 
• She ignored all of Edward's bans on Catholicism.  
• Catherine of Aragon was Catholic so Mary was raised Catholic.
• Mary was also raised outside of England.  She grew up in France. 
• Within English society she was also an outcast. 
• Anne Boleyn was Protestant so Elizabeth was raised Protestant.  
• Mary waited for Edward to die childless so that she could take over. 
• Edward died in 1553. 
• Mary I then took the throne.  
• She wanted to turn England back to the Catholic Church.  
• She countered all of Edward's policies. 
• She goes out of her way to say to the people of England, "either you return to the fold, or die."
• Religious wars broke out all over England. 
• Mary leads a bitter campaign against what she considers to be heretics. 
• She restored churches and went back to the Vatican.  
• Mary needed to have an heir to keep Catholicism in England.
• She married Phillip from Spain.  
• Mary tried to undo Edward's Reformation as much as she could.
• 260 men and 60 women were burned on Mary's bonfires. 
• Mary I is known as "Bloody Mary."
• There was an immense amount of public support for Elizabeth. 
• Mary I died childless though, so Elizabeth then took the throne. 
• Mary died from a disease.  She was NOT executed. 
• Elizabeth reinstates the ways of her father and half-brother. 
• Elizabeth had a sister named Mary, who will come into play later on.  
• Protestantism and patriotism was one in the same. 
• Being Protestant was a way of England. 
• Catholics now had to choose between their Church or their queen. 
• There was also conflict between Spain and England now.  
• Catholicism - What was once the national church would become a faith on the run.
• Once the troubles with the Spanish are done, Elizabeth's reign is known for it's peace and prosperity, a rise in the sense of Englishness, and an increase in the arts. 
• Catholicism will not have a strong hold during this time. 
• Shakespeare lived during this time. 
• A "wall" is formed between Protestant England and Catholic France and Spain.