10/28/10 - Review

• Principalities of Italy 
•  Milan, Florence, Venice 
• England was ruled by monarchial families. Italian city-states were ruled by wealthy merchant families. 
• Quattrocento - ex. Medici family coming into power. 
• Medici family 
• Giovanni, Cosmo, Lorenzo 
• Artists 
• Giotto, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael 
• In England you had futile society - the lord of the land and the serfs that worked the land. No movement between social orders. 
• In Italy there was movement between social orders. If you could make money and gain influence you could rise up through the social orders.
• Oration of the Dignity of Man - Pico della Mirandola
• Renaissance
• Celebration of the individual in painting 
• Arts and classical learning 
• Secular spirit
• Very intellectual
• not completely bound to what religion tells them to do. 
• Humanism
• Courtier - people in the nobility within the court of the princes that Machiavelli talks about.
• Were like the knights of England.  
• Castiglione - wrote a book about how to be a proper nobleman: The Book of the Courtier.  This had a great influence on the culture of the court and what it meant to be refined and sophisticated. 
• All of this comes to a rude ending when Lorenzo dies at age 43.  He does not leave a strong leader behind for Florence. 
• In 1494, Charles VIII of France invades Italy with the hope of conquering Naples. 
• The problem is that there are principalities between France and Naples.  Fighting breaks out in the area. 
• King Ferdinand II of Aragon contests France's claim to Naples. 
• Spain and France start to fight. 
• Italian War of 1521-1526
• Machiavelli 
• lived from 1469-1527
• Many people consider him to be the father of modern political science. 
• The Prince 
• He wanted to write a book that any prince in the principalities of Italy could use to make their cities strong again and reunify the areas of Italy that were hurt by the Italian War.
• It was not published until 1532
• 3 most important things that princes needed to know. 
• 1. Approach their relations with the people from the pessimistic view of society. 
• 2. Because human nature is selfish and greedy, a prince has to be able to manipulate people and use situations to get his own ulterior motives. 
• 3. A prince must be both ruthless and pragmatic (seeing everything from a political standpoint). 
• prag·ma·tism  –noun
• 1. character or conduct that emphasizes practicality.
• 2.a philosophical movement or system having various forms, butgenerally stressing practical consequences as constitutingthe essential criterion in determining meaning, truth, or value