Practice Test 1

30/80


Topics to Study:

• Artistic movements of Pablo Picasso
• Policies of both Napoleon I and Peter the Great
• Why the English explorers of the coast of North America were searching for a "northwest passage"
• Biggest medical advancement of the 18th century
• Napoleon's Continental System
• War of Austrian Succession and Maria Theresa
• Principles of laissez-faire
• Differences between Yugoslavia in the 1980s and in the 1960s
• English Corn Laws
• The art movement that reflected a world that no longer "made sense"
• The Warsaw Pact
• Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan
• Differences between Mussolini and Hitler
• Naturalism
• Time periods that royal families came to power
• How Frederick II of Prussia was an enlightened leader
• Gains of the Seven Years War
• Neo-Nazis and neo-fascists
• European colonies in Africa
• Zwingli
• William Harvey
• Definition of the scientific method
• British Navigation Acts
• Late 20th century ecumenical movement
• Postwar similarities of WWI and WWII
• The Pretender
• Thermidorean Reaction
• Reasons Parliament could strengthen its power over the monarchy in England during the 18th century
• Where Calvinism spread
• Attitude of Russian civilians after WWII
• First Russian leader to discuss Stalin's crimes
• The Schlieffen Plan
• Beliefs of the Society of Friends
• Least important British gain by the settling of the War of Spanish Succession
• Tycho Brahe's biggest contribution to astronomy
• Reasons that the Frankfurt Assembly failed to unite Germany
• Realpolitik

WWI DBQ

Convoluted alliances and racism had caused tension to be built up for years between many of the European powers; this tension finally reached the boiling point with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand beginning World War I.

Prior to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, many alliances had formed within Europe along with many resentments.  The Dual-Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany was created in Vienna on October 7, 1879.  The terms of this alliance stated that if one of the two empires (Germany and Austria-Hungary) were attacked by Russia or another power, then the two empires would ally together (Doc. 1).  Italy was then added to this alliance in 1882 to create the Triple Alliance (Doc. 2).  At this time Russia was also allied with France and Serbia.

During this time in history there was also a great amount of racism.  Much of this racism came from the Germanic peoples thinking that they were superior to people like the Serbs and the Slavs.  The Germanic people belonged to the Aryan race, which the Germanic peoples believed was the best (Doc 3).  Many Austria-Hungarians were Germanic, so they believed themselves to be superior to the Serbs. This caused the Serbs to feel resentment towards the Austria-Hungarians; so much resentment that the Serbs would assassinate the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were both assassinated by a Serbian group called the Black Hand while visiting Serbia (Doc 9).  The Black Hand was a Serbian Nationalist group that wanted Serbia to rise up and take control of any areas that Serbians lived in (Doc 6).  The assassination of Franz Ferdinand naturally angered Austria-Hungary. The Austria-Hungarian Minister of Belgrade sent the Royal Serbian Government terms, which if followed, would stop Austria-Hungary from declaring war on Serbia.  Serbia, however, did not agree with all of the terms (Doc. 7).  So, on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (Doc 8).

Emperor William II of Germany conversed with Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to try to keep the war between only Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and not to extend the war to Russia and Germany.  Russia, however, mobilized it's army against Austria-Hungary, causing Germany to then have to mobilize it's army because it was allied with Austria-Hungary (Doc. 8).  This then brought the other allies of Russia and Germany into the mix: France (Russia) and Italy (Germany).  The racism and convoluted alliances in Europe were the main reasons that World War I.

Rough Draft of Term Paper 2

Paper

1st Rough Draft of Term Paper

Rough Draft

FRQ

2. Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.


French - people were very poor. revolting for change in way government was being run.  revolted against the wealthy and the clergy.

Italy - Mazzini and Garibaldi's followers were in southern Italy.  This area was also very poor.  People wanted equality.



The French Revolution was an uprising of the impoverished people against the wealthy upper class and clergy in France, who ran the government.  Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolution was for a democratic government, where all people were represented equally and there was universal male suffrage.  Both groups were made up of poor, lower-class people and both wanted universal male suffrage; however, Mazzini and Garibaldi were uprising against a people from a geographic area for unification, rather than going against one specific person for a new government.

In France, the people were unified under one king.  The French Revolution took place because the people were tired of being oppressed by their government.  The people were led by a monarch,who did his best to make life prosperous for the wealthy, but did nothing for the poor. The French became violent and angry, rallying outside the gates of castles and seizing buildings where weapons and ammunition were stored. They wanted their voices to be heard in government, so that a new democratic government could be created.  

Oppositely, the Italian revolutionaries of the south, were not unified with Northern Italy.  Mazzini and Garibaldi represented these people of Southern Italy.  Southern Italy was agricultural and the people who lived there were often poor farmers.  Northern Italy, however, was very wealthy because there were many natural resources in the north that could be used to make goods.  The followers of Mazzini and Garibaldi wanted to become unified with the North, but only if there could be universal male suffrage and if they could also receive some of the wealth that Northern Italy had.

The revolutionaries in French succeeded in their aspirations to get rid of their monarch and create a more democratic government, while Mazzini and Garibaldi did not.  Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutions failed because they did not have much power against the North who was allied with France and could easily overcome them.  Their plans of becoming unified with Northern Italy did eventually occur, but their living situation and representation did not improve much.  To this day, Southern Italy is still poor in comparison to the North.  Universal male suffrage was accomplished, but the people of the north, being wealthier and well-educated, still held most of the power.

In conclusion, both the French revolutionaries and Mazzini and Garibaldi believed in universal suffrage for the people, but Mazzini and Garibaldi wanted unification between Northern and Southern Italy, unlike France who wanted to rid France of it's monarch.  France did not need to be unified because it already was, rather it needed to remove itself from it's government.

Final Draft of Outline

Outline

Real Politik Terms

Terms

Real Politik the political manifestation of what was considered Realism

• The Crimean War
• 1853-1856
• Seems to have small consequences, but there are actually much bigger problems to come out of it. 
• First war to be covered by journalists. 
• First war to involve female nurses
• Rise of the field of medicine. 
• 1853 - Nicolas I, czar of Russia, moves troops into Romania. 
• At the time Romania was split into 2 provinces
• Moves the troops in under the guise that he will be protecting Christians in the Holy Land.
• Western Europe is not happy about this.  They don't want Russian influences coming down this far into trade routes with the East. 
• The French convince the Turks to resist the Russian encroachment. The French don't like the Turks, but they are more scared of the Russian's gaining territory than of the Turks, so they encourage the Turks to go to war with the Russians, which they do. 
• War breaks out between Turkey and Russia in 1853. Britain and France join with the Turks against Russia. 
• Europe and Turkey are allied and Britain and France are allied. 
• Russians force the battle onto the Crimean Peninsula 
• In the battle, Britain blocked off the Black Sea from the Mediterranean, so that the Russians could not get supplies from Turkey. 
• Czar of Russia died in 
• Alexander takes over and there is a treaty between him (Russia), Turkey/Britain/France
• Russia agreed that it would not leave it's own established borders even under the pretense of security for Christians in southeastern Europe. 
• the two provinces in Romania are made independent states. They unify into Romania
• Alexander was not allowed any longer to put ships on the Black Sea. 
• Alexander is an absolute monarch. 

Kaplan Chapter 17

9/20

Romanticism FRQ

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


People living in the Enlightenment period, also known as the Age of Reason, wanted to find answers to everything.  There was an increase in scientific knowledge and there were more scientific developments.  For example, there was an increase in the understanding of the human body and how it worked.  The human person became thought of as a machine and not a soul.  People of the Enlightenment wanted to know how things worked, instead of appreciating the beauty of the world.  During the Enlightenment religion was still very important, but during Romanticism there was a loss of belief. Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment views of explanation and reasoning by advocating individuality, creativity, and delving into the unknown, especially through all types of art, but most importantly through poetry.  


The Enlightenment period was all about being technical.  In music, poetry, writing, science, etc, there was a technique or style that was almost like a set of guidelines for the people to follow.  There was a great lack of creativity and imagination.   Romanticism was the complete opposite of this.  During the Romantic period people focused more on the emotional aspect of things.  People broke out of the boundaries of the Enlightenment period and started to think for themselves.  Paintings were no longer done on oil canvases, only portraying very stiff looking people, but were water-colored and full of movement.  Music also became more emotional, with composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, and Chopin, writing music that was flowing and caused people to really feel something.  Poetry was the most important way that Romanticism challenged Enlightenment views.  Poets, such as Lord Byron and Keats expressed what was they really felt in their hearts, instead of something like a sonnet that all men had been expected to be able to write.  


Lord Byron was considered a sex-symbol to the people of the Romantic time period.  His poetry revealed passion and mysteriousness, that it made people curious.  Lord Byron did not have a connection with God, unlike many Enlightenment people.  He felt that God did not exist and that when people died that was the end of them.  Because of his feelings on God, he decided that it was best to live life to the fullest.  He had a wife, but he also had many female admirers who had been inspired and entranced by his poetry.  He was unfaithful to his wife and he only cared about himself, but he did not see that as a problem because he did not believe in the morals that God and the Bible taught.  


Keats delved into the unknown, especially with death.  He had experienced death for the first time when he was eight-years-old and his father died.  He then experienced death again when his brother and mother also died a few years later.  His traumatic experiences with death haunted him for his whole life.  What happens after death was unknown, and it still is today.  This fascinated Keats and also scared him.  Keats wrote poetry about death, questioning what comes next.  Keats also wrote poetry about nature.  He was fascinated by how beautiful the world was and what sort of higher being could have created such beauty.  


Lord Byron's passionate poetry and Keats poetry about nature and death challenged the Enlightenment views of reasoning and explanation.  Byron and Keats were in touch with their emotional side.  They explored the mysteries of love, passion, life, and death, the opposite of the scientific ways of the Enlightenment. 

Second Draft of Outline

Outline

FRQ

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.


Outline: 
Industrial Revolution - increase in technology. factories. workers rights. 
Conservatism - wanted things to remain as they were, with minority of richest and powerful people having all the say in government. 
Liberalism - secular. wanted to represent all people and make equal rights for people. 


The Industrial Revolution created even more disparity between the upper class and peasantry because the rich became richer and the poor became poorer.  The poor underrepresented people wanted to have a say in the government because they were being mistreated and taken advantage of by the conservative governments  to have a say in government, and the rich to wealthy and powerful leaders to be in full control of the government


The increase in disparity between the liberal poor and mainly conservative rich during the Industrial Revolution caused a rise in the liberal philosophy of equality and independence, especially in Greece and Germany. 


The Industrial Revolution was a time of booming technology and growth.  New machinery, such as the spinning jenny and cotton gin were invented, causing the production of textiles to be more efficient.  Factories were then built, so that the production of items could be all in one pace and therefore more efficient.  Rich people owned factories and the poor worked and lived in them.  They had to work long hours and were barely paid anything because they relied on the factories to supply them with housing and food.  The rich factory owners were also the government leaders, who made laws to keep the poor in oppression, so that they themselves could continue to make more money.  This kind of treatment was going on throughout Europe, including countries like England, France, Russia, and Greece.  The poor grew tired of being oppressed, so they rose up against the government and caused change. In England elections were held, bringing more liberals into the government.  The liberals argued for workers rights and for universal suffrage.  


Greece had been occupied and oppressed by the Turks. In the 19th century, a nationalist movement arose there because the Greeks had grown tired of having to live under the Turks rule.  England, who was now more liberal, sided with the Greeks. England was allied with Russia and France.  All three came together, signing the Treaty of London, which said that they were going to take Greece's side against the Turks.  In 1832 the Greeks gained their independence from the Turks, thanks to the help of England, Russia, and France.  


Germany had been left out of the alliance between England, Russia, and France.  They felt that it was unfair for them to have no say in what was going on.  This common agreement brought the people together, creating a new German nation.  They decided that if they were not allowed to be apart of relations with the other countries, then they should be their own independent country.  


The Industrial Revolution created a rise in liberalism that spread to countries, such as Greece and Germany, causing resentment and also unity between the major countries in Europe. 

First Draft of Outline

Outline

Nationalism 1815-1848

• Nationalism favors the creation of independent and autonomous (self-ruling) states. 
• Greece
• Had been occupied by the Turks. 
• Rise for Greek independence is a nationalist movement of 19th century. 
• Western writers, including the English poets Percy Shelly and Lord Byron, supported the Greek cause. 
• Relations between Turkey and the West had never been good. 
• In Ancient times, Turkey had been apart of the Persian Empire. Had attacked places in Europe during this time. 
• 1827 - England, France, Russia signed the Treaty of London.
• Says that they're going to take the side of Greek independence. 
• Important because Austria had problems with Russia getting involved with Greece. Russia and Greece both had the Orthodox Church, which connected them.  Former Holy Roman Empire Principalities to the north and east of Austria were very weak.  Russia starts occupying those old principalities to protect Greece. This upsets Britain and France. Treaty was supposed to be about Greece becoming independent, not Russia expanding. 
• Greeks become independent in 1832 at the cost of Russia expanding.  
• Russia also remained an absolute monarchy under the rule of the czars. 
• Belgium becomes its own country. 
• Originally they take Louis Philip as their king (Louis Philip is the king of France). 
• Louis gives that throne to his brother, making Belgium its own country. 
• Southern Netherlands had recently been unified with the north. 
• The process of unification meant that new nations had to be created, therefore nationalism. 
• Germany had been completely fractured. 
• It was not really a nation, but a collection of principalities.
• With the turn of the century in the 1800s the German people feel like they have been left out. 
• Herder and Fichte have an idea of the volkgeist, the spirit of the common people, which unifies them as one. 
• They don't want outside interference in Germany. They don't want Germany to become cosmopolitan.  They want Germany to develop a sense of its own independent customs and traditions separate from the rest of Europe. 
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• Born in 1770 and lived until 1831. 
• Was interested in the way history happens. 
• Proposes the Dialectic system
• Idea is that history does not neatly progress from one thing to the next. Every thing that happens is influenced by other things. 
• Thesis and antithesis. When they meet, they form synthesis. That new synthesis forms a new thesis. Combines with another antithesis and forms another synthesis. This keeps repeating. 
• This is the Hegelian Philosophy of History
• The structural model that Karl Marx uses in describing history in the industrial age. 
• Marx will prove to be extremely influential as a counter to capitalism. 
• Strong middle class = strong country
• Marx is going to say that the way the power structure exists right now is that the person with the power is the one who is in charge. ex. factory owner. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx says that you can change this system. Says that the people in the factory can united and rise up against the factory owner and run the factory themselves. This is the Communist ideal. 
• Marx is going to use the Hegelian Dialectic to prove his point and foster a major revolution that will create a new kind of political reality, one in which there are capitalistic nations of the west (United States, England, France) and on the other side Communist nations (Soviet Union, Vietnam, China). 
• Von Ranke and List both argued that Germany had not fully developed into a nation-state and that it needed to.  
• Said that Germany needed economy systems like the one in England: laissez-faire.
• Laissez-faire - little government regulation of the economy. including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies. 
• In order for things to be produced cheaply and not regulate the market, wages had to be lowered.
• Animal Farm by George Orwell
• book about animals on a farm and the animals get to run the farm on their own. 
• Written as an allegory of the rise of Communism.
• 1848 - France revolts against Louis Philip. 
• News travels faster because of newspapers
• The Times of London
• Newspapers with steam-powered printing presses that can get news out daily. 
• Germany is greatly threatened by riots in the streets of Berlin inspired by the revolt in France. 
• Germany was revolting against the king
• King William agrees for a new German constitution. 
• Frankfurt Assembly debated over whether or not Germany should formalize as a nation. 
• All of the powers that controlled the principalities under old aristocratic hierarchy's did not want to give up their power. 
• There were two large German states: Prussia and Austria
• States had people that were ethnically Germanic.
• Neither Austria or Prussia wanted the other to dominate the minor states.
• Also political groups. 
• Junkers
• sort of Prussian nationalists. 
• Thought Prussia was better off without Germany and Austria. 
• Views were at odds with the people at the Frankfurt Assembly. 
• The Prussians do not think they need the rest of Germany either. 
• had a popularly elected parliament and productive economy. 
• Prussians decide to have their own assembly called the Berlin Assembly. 
• This is like a convention and was made in resolve of the Frankfurt Assembly. 
• This assembly turns out to be politically anti-Junker. 
• They think that they could work with German unification and they feel that they have responsibilities towards Poland. 
• Era of industrialization and international trade. 
• To keep this going farmland is needed. Poland has some of the best agricultural lands in Europe. Russia did not because of their harsh climate. 
• Poland also had ports. They had the ability to have international trade. 
• German ports were limited and Russian ports were very limited. 
• How do you define Germany?
• We tend to look back and think of it as the country of Germany. 
• Germany was not unified though. Was made up of separate principalities. 
• Assembly offers King William a constitutional monarchy and he does not accept it.  Germany does not explode into a revolution. Becomes this holding pattern. 
• The industrialization of the country is booming, while the politics are confused. 
• Italy
• Northern Italy wound up being controlled by Austria after the Napoleonic Wars. 
• Austrian police and spies were in Italian principalities that it did not have full control over. 
• There were nationalist movements wanted to expel Austrians and French. 
• Most famous was the Carbonari. 
• The leader was Joseph Mazzini.  
• He started a group called Young Italy. 
• In northern and central Italy in 1831, there was violence, but no unity. 
• Young Italy tried to start a movement toward Italian unity.  These attempts failed and Mazzini was forced into exile. 
• 1834-1836 and 1844 - Mazzini tried to revolt, but these attempts ended in futility.  
• 1848 and 1849
• Austria
• directly influenced by what's going on in France with the revolution against Louis Philip. 
• Austria is fundamentally an oligarchy
• one family controls the political and governmental running of the country. This is the Habsburgs. 
• Some people are against the Habsburgs. 
• 1848 - Louis Kossuth is one of these people. He makes a speech about liberty that inspires workers and students to revolt. 
• Metternich resigns and flees to England. 
• the Hungarian Diet declared independence from Austria, but they still accept and support the Habsburg king. 
• Split because the Germanic Austrians and non-Germanic Hungarians did not get along very well. 
• Ethnic differences. 
• Austrians used the Eastern part (Hungarian part) for the purposes of building up industrialization. 
• Austria now sees that in Bohemia there can be a similar thing that happened in Hungary, which they don't want. 
• They allow Bohemia to have partial independence with the exception being that they had to be loyal to the king. 
• Prague
• There is an All-Slav Conference in Prague in June 1848. 
• These Slavic groups at the conference were anti-German.  The Slavs wanted equal recognition with other nationalities.  
• The Germans in Bohemia favored the Frankfurt Assembly. 
• Slavs resented the Germans in Bohemia and the idea of unification with Germany. 
• Within Bohemia (Czech Republic, Bosnia, Serbia) there are more Slavs than Ethnic Germans. 
• Because Austria is ethnically German, they give special treatment to the ethnic Germans in Bohemia, even though there are more Slavs in Bohemia. 
• The Slavs revolt in 1848 after this congress in Prague against Austrians. 
• King Ferdinand of Austria sends in troops and shuts down the Slavic congress ending the revolt. 
• Moves into a holding pattern.
• The situation within the Austrian Empire and their relations with their client states was never resolved.  
• This is the root cause of WWI.
• Over the next 30 years alliances develop.
• Hungary
• Magyars create a new capital -- Budapest. 
• They attempt the "Magyarization" of Hungary. 
• The problem is that the other ethnicities do not want to listen to what they have to say. 
• Now their is a revolution within a revolution. 
• 1st revolution is Hungarians breaking off from Austrian rule. 
• 2nd is between Magyars and the Serbs/Croats. 
• A party rises up out of Croat politics who go against the Magyars. King Ferdinand supports this Croat party. 
• This revolt is led by Jellachich. 
• This is an indirect way of Austria keeping a firm grip on Hungary because Hungary knows that they cannot fight against the Austrian army and win. 
• The Magyars think that if they can keep the Croats at bay, then there is no way that the King of Austria is actually going to crush them.  
• If the Austrian government tries to put down the Magyars, then the other ethnic minorities would most likely revolt. They believe that there is no way that will happen. 
• the King gets the Russians to stop the Magyars for him. 

Liberalism

• Liberalism in the 19th century is different from what we think of as liberal today. 
• Liberals of the 19th century tend to focus on being secular and they tend to focus on the idea of progress and that progress is the goal of a society. 
• England
• They had elections in 1830. These elections weakened the conservative control in the House of Commons
• Split into the House of Commons and House of Lords
• Lords - many aristocrats and people who came up with the middle class
• Commons - wealthy 
• More liberals in the House of Commons. 
• Liberals win the elections in 1830. 
• The House of Lords is freaked out by this.  They don't want to deal with the liberals in the House of Commons. 
• They go to the king, asking him to increase the size of the nobility. 
• King William threatens that if they don't work together then he is going to make some men in the House of Commons, Lords 
• Settled with the Reform Bill of 1842
• Doubled amount of voters in England. 
• 1830-1838
• Things are relatively okay. 
• Corn and grain distribution is still a concern. 
• 1845
• Potato famine hit in Ireland. 
• Peasants were mainly affected. 
• Robert Peel pushed for reform because he saw that if they did not reform the balance between the wealthy and poor in England, then there would be a revolution like the one that happened in France. 
• Corn laws were repealed, but he lost his seat as Prime Minister. 
• 1848-1851
• As a result of the potato famine, many Irish leave Ireland and go to the United States. 
• It broke apart families. It forced people into new situations and changed the face of the United States. 
• Chartist Movement
• Tried to feed off of a lot of this reform anxiety. 
• Supportive of getting rid of the Corn Laws. 
• Really wanted a national charter, which would be presented in a petition to the Parliament, to reach their #1 goal.  
• #1 goal was universal human suffrage in England, meaning the right of everyone to vote. 
• Conservatives are against universal human suffrage. The conservatives want to keep all the power because they are the nobility and they have a strong connection with the monarchy. 
• Liberals are for it 
• France
• Charles X dissolved his government and called new elections
• If one group does not like what the leader is doing, then they can call a Vote of No Confidence. 
• The leader then has to dissolve the government and have elections for new ones. 
• In 1830, this happened and the liberals won the election. 
• Charles X is unhappy about this because he is a conservative. 
• He dissolves the newly elected government before it even comes in. 
• This caused problems. 
• Liberals were very upset. Mobs were formed in the streets, the soldiers finally refused to defend the king, and Charles had to abdicate the throne. He flees France and is exiled in England. 
• Louis Phillipe becomes the new constitutional monarch. 
• He is the Duke of Orleans. Aristocrat, conservative, and related to Charles X. 
• He ends up having a relatively peaceful reign for the next 18 years. 
• His reign was referred to as the "July Monarchy"
• His nickname was "The Orleanist."
• During his reign he tried to at least deal with the cares and anxieties of the people. 
• Brings out the tricolor flag (flag of the revolution) as the official flag of France. 
• Rising middle class. 
• The Bourgeoisie (upper middle class) are happy. They're the ones making money and living comfortably. They are not going to revolt. 
• Meanwhile the liberals and reformers in France are not too happy. 
• They see it as a conservative government trying to make themselves look more liberal so there would not be uprisings in the street. 
• Side note: democrat in France and England at this time meant people who wanted universal suffrage.
• Liberal is a political philosophy. democrat specifically relates to someone who wants universal suffrage.  
• 1848
• Pg. 167 in Kaplan
• Year known for revolutions in Europe. 

Conservatism: 1815-1848

• Congress of Vienna met in the fall of 1814 after Napoleon abdicated the throne. 
• Their purpose is settling questions of territory and treaties and negotiations. 
• Get wiki articles
• France
• Talleyrand 
• England
• Castlereagh
• Austria
• Metternich
• Russia
• Czar Alexander
• Russia refused to discuss the situation in Turkey and the Balkan States.
• England refused to talk about their international sea trade and relations with colonies. 
• Geopolitical
• Politics of territory
• Ex. England during this time is going to refuse to give up former Dutch Colonies in Africa. Russia at the same time is going to refuse to give in to the demands of Eastern European countries. 
• Create a system of strong states around the borders of France. 
• Austrian Netherlands were transfered to the Dutch. 
• Pleases Great Britain because they are allied with the Dutch
• Dutch Republic changes it's name
• Becomes the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• Ruled by the House of Orange. 
• In return, Austria got most of Northern Italy. 
• Metternich has secret police throughout Northern Italy to keep an eye on things. 
• Italy at this time is not a major power. The influence of the Church has been greatly diminished. 
• There was no attempt to restore the Holy Roman Empire. 
• No one bothers to pay attentions to the needs or political desires of the German nationalists. 
• The roots of WWI are set up during the Congress of Vienna
• Alliances that are made
• Shifts in geopolitical holdings
• This will come back to haunt the players involved. 
• Poland was created from land in Austria and Prussia.
• New land was called Congress Poland. 
• Russia now rules former Prussia and much of North Austria in this new kingdom. 
• Louis XVIII returns to France as a constitutional monarch. 
• Napoleon was banned from ever having any rule or leadership in France. 
• Czar Alexander was very religious in his thinking. 
• Created a document called the Holy Alliance
• Said that rule over Eastern Europe was divinely granted. 
• Austria, Prussia sign on.
• England refuses. Castlereagh calls the Holy Alliance "sublime mysticism and nonsense."
• The Holy Alliance basically means that Alexander has the indemnity to squash and anyone he wants to.
• They agreed that they would continue to meet to address international issues. 
• Some historians refer to these major powers as the "Concert of Europe"
• After Vienna, the Concert of Europe met again in 1815 at the Congress of Aix-la-chapelle
• Congress of Aix-la-chapelle
• 1818
• Concert agreed to withdraw a post-war occupation of France
• Accepted the idea of private bankers managing reparations
• Someone has to pay for the cost of war. 
• Britain drifts from the rest of Europe.
• Has to do with their role in the slave trade and the New World. 
• Becomes less concerned with what's going on in Continental Europe 
• 1819
• Metternich and Alexander met again in the state of Galatia. 
• They compose a new alliance called the Protocol of Troppau. 
• Their alliance would have a lot of centralized authority in behalf of the public good. 
• Castelreagh and Talleyrand refuse to participate. 
• They send an Austrian army into Naples, Italy. 
• They install their own king there in Naples. This will be one of those things that comes back to bite people. 
• 1821
• Greece had been occupied by the Ottoman Turks. 
• The Turks had swept in through the Aegean Sea. They had overcome Greece. There was war between the Greeks and the Turks. 
• Turkish army housed it's ammunitions depot in the Parthenon. 
• With the Greeks revolting a dilemma comes up for the major powers in Europe. 
•  They don't really like the Ottoman Turks. They see them as infidels and religious fanatics. 
• At the same time the Ottoman Turks were very powerful in the Middle East. 
• This causes consternation (animosity) between Austria and Russia. 
• Greek nationalists feel very connected to Russia because of the Orthodox Church. 
• Metternich does not like being surrounded by Greece and Russia. 
• Does not want Greece to ally with Russia because Russia could become too powerful. 
• 1825
• Alexander I dies suddenly.  
• Before his death he had become very conservative with his allegience to the Russian Orthodox Church. 
• Rise of secret police forces in Russia and Austria
• Russia - on their own people and in Prussia
• Austria - mainly in Northern Italy
• Many Russian nobility had been educated outside of Russia, mainly in France. 
• Influence of French will play a role in the development of the post czar mentality. 
• Young nobles coming out of French educations tend to be more liberal. 
• Tend to think that power should be spread among the nobility. 
• Use ideas from French Revolution in Russia. 
• Constantine takes over in Russia. 
• The more liberal nobility is hoping that Constantine will liberalize the government. This, however, does not happen because Constantine favors his brother Nicholas as leader and Nicholas I takes the throne.
• There is an attempted revolution when he takes the throne. 
• The Decemberists Revolt was the revolution. 
• It was put down, and Nicholas I became even more conservative than Alexander had been. 
• The Russian people become more isolated and closed off from Western Europe. 
• France
• Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was the constitutional monarch. 
• Louis XVII had died in prison. 
• Louis XVIII is a very calm voice in French politics. He does not insert any instance of absolute monarchy. However, he is very old. 
• He signs a charter as "The Charter."  It promises a new form of national legislature that will be more democratic. The idea was that there would be people chosen from throughout the ranks of what was formerly called the Third Estate, who would vote on representatives. 
• If you did not own land, you could not vote. A large part of the Third Estate could not vote because they did not own land. 
• Major parts of the Napoleonic Code and Catholicism being nominally the state religion, remained. 
• The Vatican has no direct power in France. 
• The White Terror
• emigres - former members of the second estate who had been kicked off their land during the revolution and now having returned to France under Napoleon, are taking revenge on the former revolutionaries. 
• 1824 Louis XVIII dies. 
• Charles X succeeds him. 
• Charles X ushers in the conservative wave in France. 
• **Copy someone else's notes here**
• There is much opposition to Charles X. 
• Germany
• No one asks the Germans what they think about all of this.
• Prussia is unified and indebted to Russia. 
• There rises a real sense of nationalism in Germany. 
• The Germans have been oppressed by the other countries in Europe. 
• This turns out to be a dangerous thing in the coming century. 
• German nationalism is a direct correspondent to what happens in WWI. 
• "Germany has been wronged and therefore needs to come together as a strong political organization and stand up against the other countries in Europe."
• This German nationalism is really coming out of the German middle class. It is in the universities, business communities, etc. It is a sense that they've been wronged. Underlying resentment grows in German society against Austria, France, and Russia. 
• *Roots of Hitlers hatred towards Austria, France, and Russia come from this.*
• Jews are pushed out of where they are originally from, pushed out of Spain, and then many Jews settle in France, Poland, Austria, and Russia. 
• Germany starts to have secret police, much like Russia and Austria had.  
• England
• Dealing with it's growing empire. 
• It has holdings in the Americas, Asia, India, and Africa.
• "The sun never sets on the British Empire."
• This saying comes about because the British Empire was everywhere.  
• England can't manage food supply. 
• Passes the Corn Laws
• Redefining tariffs on corn and grains. 
• Winds up making those food prices more expensive for English citizens. 
• The rich in England are going to become very rich and the poor are going to become very poor. 
• That disparity is a direct result of industrialization. 
• The capitalists in England became rich because they owned the factories and companies. 
• There were no labor laws. No workers rights. 
• The bosses don't have to pay the people anything. 
• Factories were mainly in northern England
• In Manchester people had enough of not being able to afford food and being paid hardly anything. 
• 80,000 people took to the streets and peacefully protested. 
• Petitioned for the right of all men to vote. 
• Things go poorly. The local forces don't understand what's going on. They fire on the crowd. 11 are killed and hundreds are injured. 
• The British government itself thanked the soldiers for firing on the soldiers and doing a good job. 
• called the Peterloo Massacre. 
• Parliament had nothing to do with the legitimate representation of English people, but it had everything to do with representing those who were rich. 
• Tool of the industrialists. 
• Austria
• Continues to influence Germany.
• Metternich for the next 30 years will rule out of Vienna, influence a wide swath of non-Austrians from Italy through Germany, and will completely ignore the locals. He will completely ignore what the Germans and Italians have to say. And ignores the growing nationalism. 
• Conservatism in the 19th century
• maintaining of traditional aristocratic power. 

Thesis Statement for Term Paper

Hitler invaded Poland because of resentment from the Treaty of Versailles, his want to conquer Russia, and because he did not expect resistance from the West; but most importantly, to gain lebensraum, or "living space," in Eastern Europe for the German people. 

Industrial Revolution

• 1760-1850
• The ancestors of the Industrial Revolution were the scientists that led us through the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
• Ex. Galileo
• New technologies result in new forms of production
• Increased production, efficiency, commerce
• Exponential growth in technology
• Many of the conditions were interrelated. 
• One technological increase in one realm causes a technological change in another realm. 
• Increasing during this time is the economy especially coming out of the New World in the manufacture of cloth and that trade between colony and homeland is all part of this system within which is the context of industrialization. Also a part of mercantilism. 
• The Industrial Revolution itself is the pivot point between mercantilism and capitalism. 
• Competition to produce better technology. This promotes capitalism. 
• Until this period most tools on farms were made out of wood.  Industrial Revolution brought about metal tools. This caused faster production and the tools lasted longer. 
• As the supplies of all these things grow, so does the population. There is a great move of workers from rural areas to cities to work in factories. All of the inventions made for farms have to be made in factories. 
• Not as many people are needed on the farm when you have the inventions that replace the people. What is needed are people who invent and make new technologies. 
• Prior to 1760 textiles were made at home. This was a cottage industry. 
• Cottage industries were very small. The people, often women, made a limited number of textile goods because the processes took so long. 
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Sped up the process, so more textiles could be made. 
• Spinning Jenny
• Used to be one woman sitting at a spinning wheel spinning one thread. 
• Spinning Jenny can make thread that would have taken dozens of people to make. 
• In 20 years nearly 20,000 spinning jennys were being used in England. 
• this completely changes the capacity of the country to produce materials. 
• Workers rights
• No laws governing the workers rights. 
• children could be made to work full shifts in factories
• Exploitation
• safety conditions go down
• No healthcare system
• Coal Mining
• Working conditions in 18th and 19th centuries were nearly suicidal. 
• The only people who would become coal miners were the ones who absolutely had to. 
• It was an extremely dangerous job. 
• There were no regulations on mining. 
• Mining capacity increases, more homes and factories are using coal
• It's expanding on itself.
• Iron industry
• pig iron - smelted with a coke fire 
• coke is burned coal
• coke can be used as an alternative to heat things
• This meant that you could work more because you needed less material and you could recycle the material. 
• Transportation 
• railroads - carry materials from one place to another
• more capacity to move things
• things can move faster
• Canal
• Can send barges down or up river. You can move goods anywhere you want. 
• Change everything with distribution of goods
• 1804-1820
• some halfway successful attempts at creating working rail cars. 
• George Stevenson creates the first public rail cars designed to move passengers around. 
• That line becomes too expensive to maintain. The idea remained though. 
• Trade distribution between cities on continents begins. 
• Steam Engine
• During the 18th century the population in Europe grew faster than it ever had before in history
• Decline in death rate
• Increase in birth rate
• Virtual elimination of plague diseases
• Food production
• Factory jobs were tough, but because they were in demand, they often paid better wages than the farm jobs. 
• It allowed people to marry younger, children to be born earlier. 
• The old system of apprenticeship is not needed anymore. 
• Someone isn't needed to learn how to do something if their job is to learn how to run the machine that does that task. 
• Size of the middle class is increased. 
• Poor farm workers can marry people who are richer and in turn become richer. 
• Towns are created because of factories
• Capital and labor
• capital is the amount of money you have to invent into something
• ability to grow capital and use it as investment that produces more profit is a fundamental part of capitalism. 
• Need a labor pool of people who are willing to work in the factories. 

Term Paper Topic

Phase 1 (German phase) of the Invasion of Poland in WWII

Reflection: Napoleon and the French Revolution

Napoleon and the French Revolution are both examples of how the underdog can rise up and become much more than ever expected of them.  In the French Revolution the third estate rose up against the monarchy.  They protested against what they believed to be wrong.  Their protests eventually worked and members of the third estate became the leaders of France.  Napoleon was from a poor "noble" family.  He was not rich, but his father was a representative from Corsica at Versailles and he was able to go to school in France.  Napoleon was also small and not very intimidating looking. However, he gained the respect of powerful people and he rose up in society to become Emperor of France.

Napoleon

• Napoleon rises after the Revolution
• Napoleon is the first Consul.
• First Consul was set up to assure democracy in France. 
• This was supposed to be temporary
• Napoleon took advantage of this to become dictator. 
• A new constitution was approved. 
• The French people chose a new senate. However, this senate had very little power in the constitution, which allows Napoleon to consolidate his own power. 
• In exchange for this Napoleon offered peace to the French people. 
• Basically he says "I need this power right now, so I can defeat our enemies" and the French people say "Go for it." 
• When he defeats Austria (the enemy), the people love him. 
• The English and Dutch were not too happy with the French because of what happened in the Hapsburg Netherlands. 
• He is dictator, but he is doing it for the good of the country. 
• He brings law and order.  He brings a strong legal system and strong system of government. 
• Napoleon offers the emigraes amnesty. An emigrae was someone who was against the revolution. 
• 1799-1804 is when Napoleon is rebuilding France.  He wants the French people to realize that he is the great leader in charge. 
• Napoleon starts a secret police force and he suppresses the media because of opposition to him. 
• The newspapers shrink from about 70 to only a dozen and those dozen are state controlled. 
• Napoleon restores peace with the Vatican. 
• Napoleon says that Catholicism is the major religion of France.  He does not declare it as the actual religion that people must follow though. 
• In exchange for this Napoleon says that he gets to pick the Church leadership within France. 
• Papal Bull - official Church document coming from the Pope
• Napoleon says that the Pope can issue those, but that he is the one who decides if France follows them. 
• Organic Articles to the Concordate
• Basically said that any church decisions were subject to government approval. 
• Napoleon gets to decide the leadership, what church documents apply, and force clergy to read state documents to their congregations. 
• Unions and guilds were not allowed to organize. 
• He kept the school systems and metric system from the French Revolution.
• The most important thing he does is the Napoleonic Code
• an overhaul of the French legal system
• criminal code and civil code
• citizens were declared equal
• freedom of religion was guaranteed. 
• labor unions were outlawed. 
• women lost the legal gains from the Revolution.
• men gained all control of property
• women had no rights to her earnings. 
• ones status was defined by ones wealth. 
• it was possible that you could move up. place in society was not set in stone. 
• In 1802 Napoleon is named consul for life. 
• He has the power to chose his own successor and amend the constitution. 
• In 1804, with those new powers, he has himself coronated as emperor of France. 
• Napoleon desired to expand his empire.
• In 1804 he sells Louisiana to the U.S. so he does not have to deal with the slave problem.  
• Napoleon decides that he is going to begin expanding his empire by starting a naval war with England. 
• In 1805 the English and French fight at Trafalgar. 
• Sends his land army against Austria and Russia. Defeats those armies in 1805. 
• He gains control of old principalities of the Holy Roman Empire and makes them into the Confederation of the Rhine. Poland becomes the Grand Duchy of Russia. 
• In 1807 he sets up a treaty with the czar of Russia called the Treaty of Tilsit. 
• He can't beat England because his navy has been destroyed. 
• He takes a different approach and establishes the continental system. 
• If you are an ally of France you are forced to boycott English products. 
• They do not want to fight Napoleon so they agree to boycott English products. 
• In Spain, Napoleon pulls some political strings. 
• He convinces the Spanish monarch to leave the throne and he puts his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Spain. He supports the new king of Spain with a large French occupying force. 
• Long war between Spanish guerilla forces and French in Spain. 
• Peninsular War (Spain is located in the Iberian Peninsula)
• Napoleon divorces Josephine because she has not produced a male heir
• He marries the daughter of the Austrian emperor Francis II, Marie Louis, in 1810. 
• She is 19 and he is 40. 
• In 1811 she produces a male heir. 
• Napoleon has holdings in Germany, Poland, Spain, he's strangulating the British, his ships are cutting off British trade; however, outside of France, he is rather resented: particularly in Germany. 
• In 1809 & 1810 a wave of nationalism comes over the states in East Germany and Alexander, the czar of Russia, backs out of the continental system. Russia allies with Britain (1810). 
• Napoleon doesn't like this.  He sends an invasion army to attack Russia. 
• 700,000 French troops. 
• Russia is huge though. 
• Russia uses a scorched earth policy. 
• They see the French coming towards town, so they burn down their town and all the fields and back up. Now the French keep coming, and they repeat again. The French supply lines are so long that you can start attacking from behind. Once their food runs out there is now nowhere to get food because the Russians burned down the crops. It is also cold and miserable and when Napoleon attacks Russia it is one of the coldest winters of the 19th Century. 
• 1812: battle during the winter in Moscow
• Napoleon wins the battle, but then a blizzard hits. 
• Many members of Napoleons army die because of the blizzard. 
• Napoleon comes back to France. 
• The Russians feel that they have the upper hand now. 
• They sign a deal with the Prussians. 
• The Prussians and Russians fight against Napoleon at the battle of Leipzig and defeat Napoleon. 
• Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria sign the quadruple alliance in March of 1814. 
• Napoleon realizes that he has lost, abdicates the throne, and attempts suicide. 
• The people of France exile him to the island of Elba. 
• French bring in Louis XVIII who is the brother of Louis XVI. He is installed as the constitutional monarch. 
• The leaders of the quadruple alliance meet with the French minister, Talleyrand. 
• Napoleon escapes from Elba. 
• In 1815 he raises a new army of his own. 
• In the "100 Days" he battles through Europe, finally meeting the British at Waterloo in Belgium. Napoleon is captured by British and sent to St. Helena. 
• He stayed there until he died in 1821.
• Napoleon affects the alliances that form.  These alliances will have significance later during WWI. 
• Napoleon demonstrates the dangers of revolution
• What you get might not be what you wanted. 

8. Based on your study of the French Revolution and your current observations of the situation in Egypt, what do you think are possible outcomes? How are the possible outcomes in Egypt alike or different with outcomes in France -- both in the short and long term.

The outcomes of the Egyptian Revolution will most likely end up being a lot better than the French Revolutions.  The whole revolution in Egypt has remained very peaceful for the most part, unlike how the French Revolution was violent.  The Egyptian military also agrees with many of the things the people are saying.  They are willing to start reforming the government towards a democracy.  Right now it does not look like Egypt will be heading in the direction of the French Revolution where there was a major power struggle after and the Terror occurred.  There is always the chance that things could go wrong in Egypt and violence could occur like what happened after the French Revolution, but that is highly unlikely.

7. What do people on the ground in Cairo think is going to happen now? (Directly contact reporters and bloggers in Egypt via Twitter during this class period).

Right now there is much celebration going in Cairo.  People are rejoicing in the fact that their protests worked and that Mubarak stepped down.  They now however have to reform their government and work with the military to decide on what to do. The people want the state of emergency to be rescinded. The people want the constitution to be amended, so that future elections are free and fair.  They do not want another dictatorship. It will be a process to move towards this democracy, but Egypt is on the right track.

http://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133717052/Defining-Democracy-In-Egypt

6. Are the current protests violent?

For the most part the protests were not violent.  However, there were a few deaths and injuries.  The protests did not really get violent until the police attacked some people.  Now Mubarak has stepped down and the people are just jubilantly celebrating their triumph.

5. How did/are people express(ing) their views?

During the French Revolution people expressed their views by marching on Versailles, forming groups such as the National Assembly, writing new constitutions, and printing pamphlets that stated why they were against the monarchy.  During the Egyptian Revolution people expressed their views by blogging, tweeting, and posting about them through different social networking cites and protesting (mostly peacefully) for days on end by marching in Tahir Square.

4. What concerns are their about the current situation in Egypt? How might they relate to the days following the fall of Louis XVI?

Egypt is celebrating their new freedom right now.  However there is a need for someone to control the country and re stabilization. The Egyptian people would like a democracy to be set-up.  Negotiations are going to have to be made between the people and the Egyptian military, which is running the country right now. The people are happy to have Mubarak out of office though for now.  Hopefully they will continue to be peaceful instead of what happened after the fall of Louis XVI.  After Louis XVI was executed the Terror began where thousands of people who were against the revolution were murdered. It was a state of fear and chaos.

3. What role did women play?

In the Egyptian Revolution women protested right along with the men.  They marched in front of the presidential palace and in Tahir Square, which was where most protests occurred. Women also helped organize protests and spread news of the protests through social networking.

In the French Revolution women led many of the marches. They marched on Versailles where the royal family lived. A woman named Olympe de Gouge wrote an essay called "The Rights of Women."  This essay argued on behalf of a woman's right to education, to control property within a marriage, and to initiate divorce. The essay was spread around France and many things that de Gouge argued were put into the Constitution by the National Assembly.  

2. In each case, WHY were the people protesting? (Cite primary sources).

During the French Revolution people were mainly protesting against unfair taxation. Only the poor were being taxed, while the nobility and clergy were being exempt from taxes.  Inflation was very high because France had a large debt to pay off.  There was also a high unemployment.  All of this mainly effected the lower class so they were very angry and decided to revolt against their unfair treatment.

http://history.hanover.edu/texts/cahiers3.html
http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/turgot/reflecti
http://history.hanover.edu/texts/abolfeud.html

The people of Egypt started protesting because they felt that their president, Mubarak had become a dictator and they did not like it.  They wanted their freedom back.  Inspired by protests that had worked in Tunisia, Egypt started protesting as well. There has been unemployment in Egypt.  Mubarak has also taken away some rights of the people, such as freedom of speech.  When they started protesting he banned protesting.  He even shut down the internet so that people could not plan protests or meet-ups.

http://www.npr.org/2011/02/06/133547742/The-Sounds-Of-Protests-In-Egypt
http://www.npr.org/2011/01/27/133264703/Egyptian-Protests-Continue
http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/egyptian-bloggers-report-on-new-unrest/

1. Compare / Contrast Louis XVI and Mubarak.

Similarities	Differences
Louis and Mubarak both held power in their countries for long periods of time.	Louis became king when he was 20. Mubarak became president when he was 53.
Louis was an absolute monarch and Mubarak was a dictator.  Both are practically the same thing.	Louis had an advisor, who helped him with important decisions and acted as a vice president would, while Mubarak did not have a vice president.
Before the French Revolution nobles and clergy enjoyed special privileges.  During Mubaraks reign wealthier people also enjoyed special privileges.	Louis was executed, while Mubarak was only forced to give up his power and leave Cairo.
Both Louis and Mubarak succeeded to the throne after their predecessor died.	Louis did not meet with rulers of countries France had problems with, such as England, while Mubarak met and made treaties with countries Egypt had problems with, like Israel.
Louis helped the Americans when they revolted against the British.  Mubarak allied with the U.S. during the Gulf War.
Both were forced out of office by people’s protests.

Kaplan Unit 3 Review

Score: 16/20

1979 DBQ The French Revolution and The Terror

Essay: 

The Terror was a horrendous period during the French Revolution of murder and unfair rule. The Committee of Public Safety and the National Convention had decided that they would unite the forces of the Mountain and Jacobin against the nobility and the Girodins.  Anyone who was against them and the revolution was killed. The Terror was helpful in exterminating the rebellious Frenchmen and intimidating the people; however, even those that had been on the side of the Mountain and Jacobin realized how bad things were, so they rose up against the tyrannical Committee of Public Safety and National Convention, disbanding them, and creating a new democratic government.

The Terror was a terrible time to be living in France.  Robespierre, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, led the Terror.  The Terror was time where anyone against the Revolution was murdered.  The areas where the executions of the Terror were mainly focused were Vendee, Lore, Lyon, and Paris (Doc. 1). People were brought to be executed by either having their head chopped off by the guillotine, being shot, or being drowned. In Paris 2,639 people were executed.  Most of these people, 53%, were nobles or upper middle class.  Only 23% of the people executed in Paris were the working class and peasants.  However, throughout France only 15% of the people executed were in the upper class or nobles and 68% were in the working class or peasantry (Doc. 2).  People were murdered for an array of crimes including, conspiracy, being against the revolution, "hostile acts against the state," and "intelligence with the enemy" (Doc. 3)

All of this horror was terrifying to the people.  Family members and friends were everyday, being murdered right in front of their eyes. In a speech to Parliament, the British Prime Minister, William Pitt, talks about the French people saying, "But their efforts are merely the result of a system of restraint and oppression, the most terrible and gigantic, that has, perhaps, ever existed. They are compelled into the field by the terror of the
guillotine – they are supported there only by those resources which their desperate situation affords;
and, in these circumstances, what can be the dependence on the steadiness of their operations, or what
rational prospect can there be of the permanence of their exertions?" (Doc. 8)  The situation for the French people was not good.  If they rose up against Robespierre, they were executed.  The people soon realized that the Terror could go on no more and that they had to do something.  In a report to the French government on public opinion from February 23, 1794, it was said that, “Bitter complaints already expressed numberless times, were repeated today of the arrest and imprisonment of citizens who are good patriots and are victims of ambition, cupidity, jealousy, and, in short, every human passion" (Doc. 10).  In another report to the government from March of 1794, it says that, "The revolutionary committees are every day falling into discredit. You daily hear that they consist of a number of intriguers, who plunder the nation and oppress citizens, It is a fact that there is no section in Paris which is not dissatisfied with its revolutionary committee or does not seriously desire to have them abolished" (Doc. 13)  The people were unhappy with their government.  They were becoming fed up with the unfair rule and evil that was their government.  Some people still believed in the government saying, "The law is just" (Doc. 12).

Most of the people disagreed though and eventually that grew to be so much that Robespierre was accused of treason and executed, something which he had accused of so many innocent people. At the end of the Terror the Committee of Public Safety was disbanded.  The government was taken down and a new group called the Thermidorians came to power.  They created a democratic government and greatly improved the French nation.