Roman Catholic Church -
After the Christian Church formally split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy. It is the world’s largest Christian church with over a billion people members of it. It’s mission is to spread the gospel’s word and that of Jesus Christ
Eastern Orthodox Church -
The other half of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church centered in Constantinople. Officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church; 2,000 years ago, it considers itself to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles; Its goal is to continually draw near to God throughout life; It considers other churches to be heretical.
Crusades -
A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.They were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century
Bubonic Plague (Black Death) -
A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria that lived on rats and wiped out 30% of the population. A deadly pandemic that peaked between 1348-1350. The plague killed about the third of Europe’s population- between 30 and 60% of it. The disease was transported through fleas that were often on rats and other animals. Within eight days four out of five people will die after inducing the disease. Symptoms include: High fever, purple rash patches, diarrhea, throwing up blood, and a respiratory collapse.
Gunpowder -
Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first time it came about in Europe was in 1250 A.D. in Norway. It was made of coal and sulfur and was a major factor of warfare.
Medici -
An influential family in Florence that became rich from developing a bank Giovanni Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all big patrons of the arts. The Medici family was a political dynasty that gained power from banking under Cosimo De Medici. Their bank was the largest in Europe and their political power was located in Florence.
Oligarchies -
Communities of the wealthy and powerful that rule city States.a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small segment of society that is determined by royalty, wealth, family friends, or military control. They are tyrannical and rest all of their works on the shoulders of the slaves.
Condottieri -
Condottieri are foreign mercenaries soldier leaders, who contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance; Condottiero means "contractor" in Italian.
New Monarchies -
Tudors- The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty
Valois - a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet as kings of France from 1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois
Habsburgs - One of the most importantroyal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires and several other countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg
Humanism -
Humanism- liberal arts
coutiers- the people in the nobility within the court of the princes
ex. balsassare Castiglione- a noble born into a very pretigious family wrote a book about how to be the proper noblemen
Renaissance Man -
A well educated person who excels in many subjects and fields.
Virtu -
Virtù is a concept most notably theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli centered on the martial spirit of a population or leader, but also encompasses a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state and "the achievement of great things."
Perspective -
Is the way objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes and the position of the eye relative to the objects
Leonardo da Vinci -
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time as well as one of the most diversely talented people of all time.
Michaelangelo -
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni; A painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer during Renaissance; Leonardo da Vinci was his rival and fellow Italian; Best-documented artist of the 16th century; Pieta and David were the two of his best-known works; sculpted before he turned thirty.
Frescoes -
Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the Latin word for "fresh". Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods.
Madonnas -
Paintings prompts, popular in the Italian Renaissance, of the the Madonna. The most popular was the Madonna and Child by Raphael Sanzio. At this time, however, religious paintings were declining as secularism and paganism peaks in popularity during the Renaissance.
Raphael Sanzio -
A painter and architect of the high renissance. Better known as Raphael. With Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci he forms the traditional trinity of great masters during this period.
Pieta -
Pieta is Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus. It is a sculpture and the word means pity.
Filippo Brunelleschi -
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers in the Italian Renaissance. All of the principal works of his are in Florence, Italy.
Dante Alighieri -
Commonly known as Dante; An Italian poet of the Middle Ages; Born in Florence; died and buried in Ravenna; His work, Divine Comedy, is considered the greated literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature; Known as "the Supreme Poet" in Italy
Francesco Petrarch -
(July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliestRenaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".[1] In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio and, especially, Dante Alighieri.
Giovanni Boccaccio -
Giovanni Boccaccio notable humanist of the italian Renaissance and writer of the Decameron. He was a poet who wrote in the Italian vernacular and wrote his novel on how to be mannerly towards women. From the early renaissance.
Baldassare Castiglioni -
Castiglioni was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and a Renaissance author.
Niccolo Machiavelli -
Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was a founder of modern political science and wrote The Prince.
Christian Humanists -
People who believe that human freedom and individualism are natural parts of the Christian doctrine. There was an explosion of increased faith during the Rennaisance because of a greater belief in the capabilities of man.
New Universities -
In Northern Renaissance, education became the key; New universities are built in Spain, France, Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany; Between 1386-1506 fourteen universities were established in Germany; Most important was Wittenberg, founded in 1502; No new universities are established in Italy in the 15th century
Fugger -
The Fugger (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊɡɐ]) family was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists like the Welserand the Höchstetter families. This banking family replaced the family known as the Medici who influenced all of Europe during the Renaissance. The Fuggers took over many of the Medici assets as well as their political power and influence
Thomas More -
English lawyer, humanist, philosopher, author, and statesmen of the Italian renaissance. Important counsellor of Henry VIII and Lord Chancellor at the end of his life. Considered a saint in the Catholic Church.
Desiderius Erasmus -
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28,[1] 1466 – July 12, 1536), sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, was aDutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian.
Mysticism -
In religion, the attempt by an individual to achieve a personal unionwith God or with some other divine being or principle. Mysticsgenerally practice daily meditation.
Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life -
The Brethren of the Common Life (Latin: Fratres Vitae Communis) was a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ. Without taking up irrevocable vows, the Brethren[1] banded together in communities, giving up their worldly goods to live chaste and strictly regulated lives in common houses, devoting every waking hour to attending divine service, reading and preaching of sermons, labouring productively and taking meals in common that were accompanied by the reading aloud of Scripture: "judged from the ascetic discipline and intention of this life, it had few features which distinguished it from life in a monastery", observes Hans Baron.
Flemish Masters -
The Flemish Masters were artists. They began with Van Eyck, who did oil paintings. These artists, drew on both the recent innovations of Italian painting and the local traditions of the Early Netherlandish artists. Antwerp was the most important artistic centre in the region. Many artists worked for European courts, including Bosch, whose fantastic painted images left a long legacy. Dutch and Flemish painters were also instrumental in establishing new subjects such as landscape painting and genre painting.Joachim Patinir, for example, played an important role in developing landscape, while Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Aertsen helped popularise genre painting.
Star Chamber -
An English court of law established by Henry; set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people; a very powerful court;
Inquisition -
The Inquisition in Spain, under state control from 1480 to 1834,marked by the extreme severity and cruelty of its proceedings inthe 16th century.
Holy Roman Empire -
A realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories.
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