Missed Notes

• Spain 17th Century
  • The Wars of King Phillip the Second
  • King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
  • He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
  • He left his son Phillip Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
  • Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
  • He is catholic
  • He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
  • The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
  • He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
  • Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
  • This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
  • Phillip II cam to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
  • So it was under Catholic control
  • Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
  • Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
  • They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
  • When the inquisition was imposed there was many rebellions and protests
  • The Duke of Alva  was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands  to be executed
  • This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
  • The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
  • Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
  • So he sent out the Duke of Parma
    • He was more of a diplomat
    • He smoothed over the situation
    • He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
    • But he couldn't convince everybody
    • 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
    • 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
    • Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
    • The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
  • Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
  • So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
  • Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
  • The armada is a great fleet of ships
  • Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth 1, make himself king, and make English Catholic
  • The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
  • The English navy completely dominates the Spain
  • The English have smaller lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
  • Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
  • HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
  • THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
  • This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
  • THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
  • This was in the 1580s (the Armada)

• The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
  • The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
  • Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
  • England gained all the better areas in colonization
  • The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the England

• France
  • There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
  • In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
  • The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
  • It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
  • This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
  • There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
  • 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
  • 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
    • They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
  • Religion and politics was huge during the reformation era
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
    • Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
    • With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
    • Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
    • The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots are ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
    • Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
    • This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
    • This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
    • During the War a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre , rises up and becomes the leader of one of the house of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
    • House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
  • 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
  • He realizes h is religious hot water here
  • So he converts to Catholicism
  • Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
  • Henry literally saves France

• Holy Roman Empire
  • Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
  • It was made up of principalities
  • Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
  • 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
  • The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
  • Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
  • They set up a structural situation where the thirty years wear is going to develop
  • IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
  • Because of this there are many unions made
  • 1608: Protestant Union is formed
  • 1609: the Catholic League is formed
  • During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
  • The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though