Thesis Statements

England's rise in power in the New World was an indirect result of their gains from the Treaty of Utrecht, naval bases in Gibraltar and Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, which allowed them to take over the slave trade from Spain and to control main trading posts.

Review: 1560-1715

• Church enters crisis of authority
• Ongoing conflicts and disease
• Rise of people who are questioning the authority and validity of the church hierarchy
• Machiavelli rejected the idea that popes were more important than kings
• Saw the need to reform the Church because the state itself was a secular thing.
• Religion and faith were not political ideas; they could bring cohesion to the state.
• Rise in middle class
• Capitalism didn't exist yet.  
• Many reformers that did not agree with the Church.  
• Corruption was the problem for the Church.
• Peasantry was also moving into a new position.
• Began to revolt against the aristocracy in England, Italy, France, and Germany
• Against political, economic, social, and religious authority. 
• Martin Luther 1483-1546
• Was the son of a middle class family.
• Became an Augustinian monk (Catholic)
• It was through this that he began his attack on the sale of indulgences. 
• In 1517 he posted the 95 Thesis on the door of the Cathedral of 
• Luther's idea appealed to the people who resented the corruption of the Catholic clergy
• Resented the wealth, authority, and corruption in the Church. 
• Luther was liked by the peasants and nobility.
• Luther's ideas helped guide John Calvin.
• John Calvin
• Moralist
• Believed that moral righteousness must be pursued.  
• The ethic of Calvinism was the ethic of self control.  
• He put forth the idea that the overwhelming majority of human beings are damned and that it is all God's will. 
• Geneva, Switzerland becomes the Calvinist stronghold.  In France the Calvinists are called Huguenot.  In England it goes along with the reformation. 
• Inquisition enlarged its activity.
• Index of forbidden books
• Confirmed by the Council of Trent (1546)
• Was not taken down until 1966. 
• The Church was shattered, there was a rise in folk religion and witchcraft, and even Protestantism starts to fragment into numerous sects. 
• The power of the monarchs increases.  
• The Church really becomes more of a political organization. 
• The pope himself was like a king.
• Europe only had 30 years of international peace between 1560-1715. 
• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
• Princes were allowed to choose which religion their principality followed.  This actually increased hostilities. 
• Catholics tried to ally with each other and so did Protestants. idiological alliances - alliances based on similarities in idioloy.  
• Thirty Years War began in Bohemia. 
• Ferdinand II became king of Bohemia in 1617. 
• He was a Catholic. 
• Bohemian Protestants feared that he would try to make Bohemia Catholic. 
• Ferdinand was deposed and crown offered to Frederick IV.
• Protestant Union led by Frederick, Catholic League led by Ferdinand. 
• Ferdinand tried to use the Jesuits to re-Catholicize the are. 
• 1625 - King of Denmark joins Protestants. 
• He was more interested n gaining land than helping, and his forces were defeated
• Was defeated by Catholic Wallenstein and his army. 
• Even Wallenstein wanted to gain personal power. 
• 1629 - Denmark withdraws from the Thirty years War
• Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution
• Restores all Land to Catholics
• 1630 - Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, enters war to protect claims to the Baltic's 
• Gustavus won in Saxony (Lutzen) against Wallenstein, but Gustavus dies. 
• France now sees it's opportunity.
• Cardinal Richeleu decided to accept any allies regardless of religion. 
• 1635 - declares war on Spain
• 1643 - Spainsh Habsburgs defeated by France
• Treaty of Westphalia
• Signed in 1648
• Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire. 
• France gets the right to Alsace. 
• Thirty Years War
• Destroyed much of Europe. 
• Holy Roman Empire lost 1/4 of it's inhabitants. 
• Many civil wars
• Protestantism was illegal in France
• But it's numbers grew. 
• Guise 
• Powerful Catholic family in France.  
• 1562 - War breaks out between Protestants and Catholics.  
• Around 70, 000 Protestants were killed that year through fighting between Protestants and Catholics.  
• Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV. 
• Issued Edict of Nantest. 
• Grants tolerance to Protestantism. 
• Edict revoked by Louis XIV. 
• 1560's  - Dutch revolted against king of Spain.  
• Phillip recognized that the Dutch were very powerful.  
• 1575 - Protestant united under William of Orange. 
• Fought against the tyranny of Phillip. 
• Scots rebel against Mary Queen of Scots. 
• She was Catholic.  
• 1528 - destruction of Spainish Armada
• England 
• Go into Civil War between 1640-1660. 
• Behead Charles and Cromwell takes over. 
• All of these  conflicts were caused by religious and often political struggles.
• French become dominant power
• Power of Spain declines. 
• Role of the absolute monarch perfected 
• Louis XIV 
• lived above the laws. 
• Period is a defined by mercantilism.  
• Fixed amount of raw materials on the earth. 
• 1521-1660
• Spanish imported 18,000 tons of silver from the New World
• Caused their economy to crash. 
• New World exploration for gold increased gold in Europe by 20%. 
• Gold and silver saw an enormous expansion in the markets. 
• Bourgeoisie class emerged. 
• "Men of the town"
• upper middle class. 
• Business people of Europe.  
• Men who made thieer money in banking, investment, and business. 
• Dutch and English would provide the commercial spirit. 
• Set into motion the Industrial Revolution
• Exploration in the New World
• To find a northwest passage
• Through Canada to China
• Saint Lawrence River
• Mississippi River
• English establish colonies. 
• English Catholics came to Maryland
• St. Thomas Island
• First college was founded in the New World
• Harvard in 1636. 
• Not founded by John Harvard, but named after him. 
• Founded by the Puritan teachers there. 
• Scientific Revolution
• Science, mathematics, astronomy
• Scientists
• Copernicus 
• Heliocentricism 
• Bruno
• Burned at the stake
• Kepler
• Tycho Brahe
• Galileo 
• Robert Hooke
• Robert Boyle
• Edmond Hayley
• Isaac Newto
• Philosophers
• Rene DeCart
• John Locke
• Francis Bacon
• Thomas Hobbes
• monarchist/absolutist
• wrote Leviathan
• Leibniz 
• Spinoza 
• *****LOOK UP SCIENTISTS AND PHILOSOPHERS FOR MIDTERM******
• Witchcraft
• By 1660 there was a lengthy tradition of witchcraft in Europe. 
• Mostly by country folk and peasants. 
• There was a lot of suspicion about them.
• Tradition can be traced back all the way through the Pagan origins of European culture. 
• They were suspicious, but they lived with it. 
• Changed in the 17th Century. 
• 2 types of witchcraft
• Healing and fortune telling
• Demonology
• bringing up and conversing with evil spirits
• Not all witches who did one type did the other. 
• Many different kinds of witches.
• The Church believed that witches had entered into a bond with Satan and were working against God and the Church. 
• Witches held secret meetings with Satan
• Tried to persecute witches for heresy
• Persecutions became fear and anxiety. 
• Spread rumors about the witches that they were plotting to overthrow the Church. 
• Malleus Maleficarum was a book written in the 15th century. 
• "The Witch Hammer"
• Written by  Heinrich Kramer, an Inquisitor of the Catholic Church, and Jacob Sprenger. 
• Women were linked with witchcraft. 
• Were female and male witches, but Church went after women. 
• 100,000 people were tried for witchcraft. 
• 10,000 were executed
• Burned at the stake
• Believed that women were perceived to be "the weaker vessel" 
• Give in more to temptation
• 1700: Burning Ties died down
• The Reformation triggered an intellectual backlash. 
• backlash against religious fanaticism
• Atmosphere which implied that it was reason that could figure out the world. 
• Led to the Enlightenment
• Enlightenment Period
• Bring faith into accordance with reason. 
• The noble elite, who had hired astrologers and other "witches." 

Dutch Republic Essay

The Dutch Republic was very different from many of the countries that surrounded it during the 17th century because it was a republic instead of absolutist,  there was religious freedom that provided refuge for many people from other countries, and they had a great banking system and economy; all of which allowed the Dutch Republic to become one of the most successful countries in Europe.

The Dutch Republic was, as in it's countries name, a republic.  A republic is a state where the power lies with the body of citizens who exercise their power by voting for representatives.  In Europe during the 17th century, absolutism was the most common form of government. An absolutist government is one where there is complete and unrestricted power in the government.  Usually there was one person in the government who had total control.  For example, King Louis XIV of France was an absolute monarch, who proclaimed his powerfulness when he said, "L'État, c'est moi," meaning "I am the State."  This type of government was not fair to the people of the country. There was no religious freedom and the people of the rich, noble, upper class were given special rights and privileges that the poor peasantry and middle class were not.

The Dutch Republic also allowed it's residents to practice their own religions freely.  There was not one religion of the country that everyone had to conform to, unlike countries such as France, where after the Edict of Nantes was revoked, only Catholicism was allowed; and England, where Protestantism was the only accepted religion.  Many people of religions that were not allowed in these countries left and went to the Dutch Republic where they would be accepted. This brought in more people, equaling more workers, which equaled more money.  The increase in wealth for the Dutch Republic helped them to become successful.

Having more people working in the Dutch Republic allowed the country to produce more of it's main exports, cheese and butter.  The Dutch also started exploring the New World in the 17th century, setting up colonies in  North America, South Africa, and the East Indies.  These colonies brought in more money to the Dutch Republic.  Having more money stimulated the economic growth of the Dutch Republic.  More money also required the Dutch to develop a good banking system, which they did.  Their banking system was so great that the Dutch coin, the florin, was used internationally.

All of these factors allowed the Dutch Republic to become a successful country.  Their allowance of people's say in the government, religious toleration, and their great banking system and good economy, made them a very wealthy and popular power in Europe. The Dutch Republic was the place to be in the 17th century.

Revised Thesis Statement

 The trials and tribulations of Galileo are often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization, as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time, because even though he was limited in materials; such as wood, string, and metal; tools, like a telescope of his own invention that did not work very well; and he was not allowed to share some of his beliefs: for example his belief in heliocentricism; his ideas and inventions helped change the lives of the people around him and basically started the scientific revolution, which has led humanity to where it is today.  

Great Fire of London Map Project

Link to Great Fire map:
http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=117472999590189908538.000496467711b6b9045ae&t=h&z=14

Free Response Practice Test #1

"Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"


Galileo was an Italian scientist, who lived from 1564 to 1642. He is many times referred to as "the father of science." His works greatly influenced the lives of people of his time, and they have also been a huge influence on modern science and many scientists throughout history.  The trials and tribulations of Galileo are often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time because even though he was limited in tools and materials and he was not allowed to share some of his findings, his ideas and inventions helped change the lives of the people around him and basically started the scientific revolution, which has led humanity to where it is today.  


Galileo was limited in the tools and materials he could use as a scientist.  In the 16 and 17th century people did not have the kinds of technology like they do today.  There were no computers, iPads, and other fancy machines that scientists could work with.  Galileo had to make simple experiments.  One example is, he dropped items off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to see if they fell to the ground and if so, how fast they did.  He did not have many tools to make great machines either.  He invented the telescope, which helped sea men and the military.  His telescope worked, but it was nothing compared to the super high powered telescopes that astronomers use today. Even with these limits he was able to make tools and other inventions that made life easier for the people around him and allowed those people to then build off of his ideas. 


Galileo was also not allowed to share some of his ideas with the people.  At the time when Galileo lived, it was widely believed that the Earth was the center of the solar system.  This belief is called geocentricism.  People believed that the sun revolved around the Earth.  Galileo's ideas were different though.  He believed that the Earth revolved around the sun, which as people know today, is true.  This belief is called heliocentric-ism.  He discovered this by studying the tides.  In order for there to be tides there had to be some hidden force that caused them, which he believed was the rotation of earth while it orbits the sun. The Catholic church was against this idea because in their minds it went against church teachings.  Galileo, who was Catholic, argued that the scripture should not always be taken literally, so his idea was not going against it.  He published a book with his findings about heliocentric-ism to prove his theory, but the Church arrested him under the accusation of heresy.  They banned his book and sentenced him to house arrest for the rest of his life.  


Even with these different things trying to hold Galileo back, he still was able to change the world.  His works have been influencing people for centuries.  He discovered Jupiter's four largest moons, which are now named after him.  His book on heliocentric-ism was eventually accepted by the Catholic Church, so it was then available to people all over the world.  Today it is known that he was correct in saying that everything revolves around the sun.  He also started the ideas of the laws of motion, influencing Sir Issac Newton to continue and expand on those ideas.  As previously stated he invented the telescope.  He also perfected the compound light microscope, which is still used today.  He wrote many books on his findings and theories, passing on tons of information to future scientists, inspiring them and helping them to make progress on their own ideas. 


Galileo's ideas, experiments, findings, and inventions led the way for other scientists.  He started the scientific revolution.  Without him, the world today would be very different.  There would most likely not be the same amount of technology.  This would basically change everything in today's society because society revolves around technology.  Even though Galileo was held back by limited technology and opposition to his beliefs, his life's works helped shape the world into what it is today and they will continue to have an influence for years to come.  

France: Late 16th to Early 18th Century

• France 
• Late 16th through early 18th century
• 1598 King Henry IV of France
• Issued Edict of Nantes
• Granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots 
• Established Henry IV as a politique. 
• Nobility was exempt from paying taxes
• Caused tax problems
• Henry IV appoints Duke of Sully
• Makes the tax system more efficient
• Nobility decided to give money in exchange for prestigious positions in the government; rather than pay taxes. 
• Called the Nobility of the Robe
• 1610: Henry IV is assassinated
• From the family of the house of Bourbon
• One of the greatest families of France
• His son, Louis XIII  becomes king
• He is only nine years old
• Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chief Minister, most important regent. 
• 1624-1642: Richelieu is in charge of France
• Goal: strengthen the royal power in France. 
• A politique
• Put politics ahead of religion.
• His heart is with the king of France and not with the pope. 
• Wanted to knock down the up-and-coming nobles. 
• Divides France into 32 segments. 
• Noble in charge was replaced by superintendent 
• Usually middle class people. 
• They would be more loyal because they have a position of power. 
• Thought it was most important to limit Habsburg power. 
• Supports the Protestants in the 30 years war. 
• They are against the Habsburgs. 
• He doesn't want them to become more powerful. 
• Examples of politique
• 1642: Richelieu and Louis XIII both die. 
• Louis XIII had a son named Louis XIV 
• Louis XIV becomes known as the "Sun King
• Became king when he was 5
• Cardinal Mazarin was his chief minister 
• As he was crowned, rebellion started to break out.  
• The rebellions were made to limit the power of the king; not to take the king down. 
• These rebellions are known as the Frondes. 
• They caused Louis XIV as a little boy to leave Paris. 
• He grows up harboring a resentment towards the people. 
• The rebellions cause Louis to move the palace to Versailles 
• Bossuet 
• Theorized the divine right of kings. 
• He was the principle architect of absolutism in the 17th century. 
• Louis believed that he was appointed by God to be the absolute ruler of France.  
• He did not share power with a parliament like England's kings did.  
• Louis increased the power of the intendants. 
• As he did this the power of the nobility went down.
• In order to keep up their power they had to be loyal to the king.  
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Appointed by Louis XIV to be the minister of France. 
• Instituted mercantilism.
• At this time France now had a major colony in the New World; Quebec.  
• More exports than imports. 
•  In 1685 France's population is about 19 million people. 
• 1 million of which are Huguenots.  
• He revokes the Edict of Nantes because he no longer needs their influences. 
• He closes Protestant churches and orders them to be Catholic. 
• The problem though is that the French working class was mostly Huguenots.  When he revoked the Edict of Nantes they left and went to other countries. 
• This seriously diminishes France's industrial capacity. 
• Wars of Louis XIV 
• At this time, France was the most populous nation in Europe. 
• Because of the 30 Years War, France had really become the most successful.  
• 2 strategic goals
• Wanted France to expand it's borders. 
• He wanted to move down into Switzerland
• Wanted to make France a global power.
• Wanted more power for France in the Americas. 
• One way to do this, was to inherit the holdings of the Spanish Habsburgs. 
• Louis XIV's system continues smoothly on to the next heir.  
• Louis XIV's army threatened universal monarchy. 
• Louis XIV's wanted to be sovereign over the continent of Europe.
• Because of the 30 Year's War there was no other entity in Europe that could face him.  He used this to his great advantage.  
• Alliances were created between the weaker countries in Europe to try to balance the power. 
• Louis tries several times to extend into the Dutch Republic, but each time he is pushed back. 
• He also tries to push into Spain.
• Spain
• 1700 - Charles II dies.  He does not have an heir. 
• In his will, he bequeaths the throne to Philip of Anjou. 
• Philip of Anjou is Louis XIV's grandson. 
• All of the other countries in Europe had a fear that Louis XIV was going to create a universal monarchy. 
• They form the Grand Alliance
• Made up of Holland, Austria, Principality of Brandenburg, and the Italian Duchy of Savoy. 
• This started a war between the French and the Grand Alliance.
• War of Spanish Succession
• 1701-1713
• Cost an enormous amount of money to wage.  
• It will be one of the things that the revolutionaries will blame the French Monarchy for.
• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht 
• Created a new balance of power in Europe that would last over the next 30 years. 
• France 
• Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V, was allowed to remain king of Spain so long as Spain and France were not united. 
• France can keep Alsace. 
• English
• Get naval bases in Gibraltar, the inlet that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. 
• This was important because of trade with the New World.
• The slave trade was a major economic force in Spain so when England takes over Gibraltar, they take over the slave trade. 
• Gets to check the balance of the French - picks up Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
• Gulf of Saint Lawrence is the major trade route into the New World. 
• Austria
• Picks up the Spanish Netherlands, which become Belgium. 
• Picks up old French holdings in Italy.  Austrians come into Naples, Milan, and Sardinia. 
• Duke of Savoy
• He is given Sicily and he becomes king of Sicily. 
• 1720 - he grows tired of Sicily. 
• He trades with Austria for Sardinia. 
• Elector of Brandenburg 
• He becomes the king of Prussia.

Restoration England

Restoration England - Restore the Stuart line after Cromwell

• Charles I has been executed
• Cromwell comes to power
• Charles II is exiled. 
• Cromwell called himself a seeker
• He wanted God's destiny for himself and his country. 
• Cromwell's vanities were stripped away and he became more religious.  
• Cromwell sensed that God had a special service for him. 
• He reformed his life. 
• He went to war with no military experience. His sense of divine appointment made him confident. 
• Charles was an imperishable martyr. 
• Charles II was waiting for his call from exile in France. 
• Cromwell wanted to take power from the Papacy. 
• Charles' execution was going to be a sacrifice. 
• The Levelers wanted to level the field for all classes of people. 
• They stood against Cromwell.
• The Leveler men were held captive for their protests and treason.
• Leveler women grouped together to help their husbands. 
• The women wanted to be seen as regular people in society and were very revolutionary. 
• Oliver got a degree in law at Oxford. 
• The target of Cromwell's march through blood was an army of royalists holding out on Ireland. 
• At least 3,000 Irish soldiers were butchered under Cromwell's orders, most of them after they had surrendered and been disarmed. 
• Cromwell treated Ireland like the primitive colony he thought it was. 
• He moved the Irish off their land and used it as payment to his soldiers. 
• Charles II was invited to be Ireland's king. 
• Charles II ran away, after a battle until he could be smuggled out of the country. 
• When Cromwell came back to London he was an English Caesar. 
• Cromwell turned Great Britain into a Republic. 
• Parliament and Cromwell were against each other. Cromwell accused Parliament of being unjust. 
• He called in the musketeers and parliament was shut down. 
• Cromwell was striking out against the Commonwealth. 
• Power would have almost been given to Cromwell, but he refused, claiming that he was working for God. 
• Cromwell could have ceased power but he wasn't working for himself. He was working for God. 
• He was king in all, but name. 
• His hope was for a settling. 
• He did not know which direction to take the country. 
• England was being put back together by returning to it's original ways. 
• Cromwell let his major generals go to work.  
• The major generals were employed by Cromwell to shut down everything happening in his country.
• The Protectorate 
• Jews were finally allowed to worship and live openly. 
• Cromwell opened a new chapter of Anglo-Jewish history. 
• Cromwell could never shake off his sense of unworthiness.  This is what saved him and England from a dictatorship. 
• Real dictators believed they were God.  Cromwell believed that he worked FOR God. 
• Sept. 3 1668, Cromwell died, while an immense black tempest was ripping over England. 
• The old wives said that it was "the devil coming for his soul."
• Great Britain had religious freedom. 
• George Monk: a royalist in the civil war. 
• He knew that the only person who could take Cromwell's place was a new king. 
• Charles the II came to the throne because England needed a successor to Oliver Cromwell. 
• People of high treason were punished by being drawn and quartered. 
• Drawn and quartered -  They were ritually hanged (almost to the point of death), emasculated, disembowelled, beheaded and quartered (chopped into four pieces).
• Charles II
• He came back to London joyfully and triumphantly. 
• He was crowned on April 23, 1661. 
• Even before he was crowned there were people looking for revenge against him because of problems they had had with his father. 
• January 1661 - the remains of Cromwell were dragged out of his tomb and tortured. 
• The "Cromwellians" worried that the new ruling power would not be good for them. 
• The Restoration restored the sovereignty of the country. 
• Charles was a reasonable Stuart king. 
• Summer of 1664, a comet appeared in the sky of England. 
• The people believed that this was a bad sign. 
• A year later the Bubonic Plague hit England. 
• During the plague, one out of every six Londoner died. 
• September 2nd, 1666.
• A fire had started in a baker's shop in London. 
• In a matter of a few hours, hundreds of homes had been swallowed by the flames.   

Test Grade

# wrong - 25

50/50

Yay! :D

The Test That Will Take My Grade From An A to a F: Part 2

48. Prince Henry the Navigator
49. Christopher Columbus
50. Columbian Exchange
51. Maize
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock
54. Presbyterian
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. East India Trading Company
58. No
59. *
60. Middle Class
61. House of Lords
62. Protestant
63. Stuart
64. Presbyterian
65. 1557-1603
66. Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. Petition of Rights
69. William Laud
70. Scotland
71. Cavilery/Royalists
72. Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. Republic
75. Lord Chancellor
76. Levellers
77. Charles II
78. Restoration
79. Thomas Hobbes
80. 1974

The Test That Will Take My Grade From An A to a F

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Fredericksburg
4. The Domo (spelling?)
5. Freebie - March __ 1517
6. Faith
7. The Bible
8. Catholic (Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, Priests, etc.)
9. Protestants
10. False
11. German Peasantry
12. Catholicism
13. Protestantism
14. **
15. Luther believed that only faith alone was necessary to get to Heaven instead of faith and good works.
16. Luther did not want to anger people that were high up politically so he would back off when in conflict with political leaders.
17. Calvin
18. Geneva
19. Freebie
20. Huggenots
21. Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptists
24. Pope Julius II
25. Council of Trent
26. True
27. Gutenberg Bible
28. Loyola
29. Make it to Heaven
30. 16th
31. Brunelleschi
32. Ferdinand
33. Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Massacre
35. Edict of Naples
36. 300
37. Peace of Augsburg
38. Protestant Union
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Protestant
42. Leader of Catholic League - Charles VI
Leader of Protestant Union - Frederick V
43. Gustavus Adolphus
44. Treaty of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France

11/16/10

• The Puritans declared war against signs of Romanism in the church. 
• Nobody noticed that Charles was married to a Catholic.
•  William Laud was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. 
• Laud was presenting his program as an order
• If people tried to defy him, then they had to suffer the consequences. 
• By the mid 1630's Charles could see no obstacle in his way of making the 3 kingdoms in harmony. 
• Charles was Scottish. 
• Charles had become Scotland's very first absentee king and there would be a price to pay. 
• He believed that if one kingdom had bent to his will then the others would as well. 
• The British wars began on July 23, 1637 in Edinburgh. 
• People were angry with the prayer book that Charles had introduced. 
• Missiles were fired. The targets were the dean and bishop of the cathedral.
• The Prayer Book riots were just the fuse.   
• British Wars began in 1637
• Parliament gathered again by James I of England.
• Covenant (the Scottish)
• Document which subjects signed
• Determines who was and wasn't Christian
• Charles thought they should all be punished. 
• Signed a truce to try to prevent war with the Scottish 
• The 1640 parliament picked up exactly where it left off in 1629 when Charles had put it down. 
• This parliament lasted only 3 weeks before Charles once again suspended it. 
• Thomas Wentworth 
• Was made Earl of Stratford by Charles
• Wentworth was Catholic and led a Catholic army. 
• The fighting with the Scots was  a disaster.  
• Charles needed cash fast to recover. 
• He had to reopen parliament. 
• The people wanted parliament to be elected every 3 years, no parliament could be dissolved without it's own consent, and no taxes could be made without approval by parliament. 
• When Charles agreed it was the end of the absolute monarchy. Or was it?
• Charles needed to kill Stratford to save himself from upheaval. 
• Stratford understood this.  He was beheaded in order to save Charles. 
• With Stratford executed Irish Catholics felt unprotected against Protestant reprisals. 
• They attacked first to avoid being attacked. 
• Both sides were moving fast past any point of reconciliation. 

English Civil War

• During the spring and summer of 1642 people had to decide which side to take in teh war and how to justify their decision. 
• By the time the royalist army arrived at hill their prospects had grown. 
• The royalists were commanded by Prince Rupert. 
• Roundheads = English middle class
• Merchants that need to make sure they won't lose what they have. 
• Cavaliers = nobility and peasantry 
• Peasants sided with nobles because they would always be peasants and they had nothing to lose except their employers (the nobles). 
• Oliver Cromwell
• 1644-1645 made a new kind of army
• used discipline in exchange for food and supplies. 
• defeated the royal army. 
• Charles still didn't want to share power after the war was over. 
• tried to reverse his defeat and turn other parties (Scots, Parliament, military) against each other. 
• Cromwell knew that Charles needed to die. 
• A second civil war began. 
• Cromwell's supporters had no desire to go back to lords and gentlemen.
• The trial and execution of Charles I in a sense creates modern Britain. 
• 1649: Charles is executed. 

Review

• 1603: the end of the Tudor line and beginning of the Stuart line. 
• James believed in the Divine right of Kings. 
• power in the monarchy came directly from God.
• James fought with parliament, especially the Puritan members. 
• James preferred the hierarchy of bishops that continued in the Anglican Church. He needed the hierarchy of bishops to maintain control over England. 
• When James I dies, his son, Charles I, becomes king.
• Like his father, he believes in the Divine Right of King, needs money, supports Anglican Church, and is against Puritans. 
• In 1628 Charles the Petition of Rights. 
• No one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without the consent of parliament. 
• No one can be put into prison without the due process of law. 
• Sings it in return for money.
• William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury) wants to turn Church of England into a non-papal Catholic Church. 
• Laud wants the Bishopry and hierarchy of the Catholic Church, but he doesn't want the pope. 
• In 1639 Laud tries to impose the English book of prayer onto the Scottish Presbyterians.
• Called the Prayer Book Riot
• Scottish didn't appreciate that, and a war starts. 
• Charles needs funding for this war.
• 1640-1648 we have the Long Parliament.
• Charles reluctantly calls parliament back into session. 
• This causes a constitutional and religious crisis.  
• Tries to undo  Charles' royal tyranny
• Executes William Laud
• Makes laws to limit royal power. 

DBQ Format Quiz

1. What is the range of scores for a DBQ essay?
Between 0-9.

2. If a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement what's the highest score you can get?
3

3. If you have 12 documents, what is the bare minimum of documents you must cite in your DBQ?
7

4. Explain what bias is.
Bias is when someone has a tendency to lean one way.

5. Explain what is meant by "groupings."
Groupings are a way to organize documents into categories.

6. What would the citation for document 5 look like?
(Author, Doc 5)

Thirty Years War

• In 1618 war breaks out between the Protestant Union and Catholic League
• Holy Roman Empire is split in 2 between Catholics and Protestants.
• Phases of the 30 Years War
• 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase
• This began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in the region of Bohemia in German. 
• Catholic were led by Ferdinand II
• Protestants were led by Frederick IV
• Catholic forces win.
• Catholics and Habsburgs take control over Bohemia. 
• 1625-1629: Danish Phase
• King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) with the support of Dutch and English intervened to support the Protestants. 
• Dutch were the Calvinists. They lived in the northern part of the Netherlands. Catholics lived in the south. Spain supported them.
• Christian IV of Denmark vs. Albert Wallenstein (Catholic) 
• Wallenstein was the general in charge of the Holy Roman Empire's armies. 
•  Wallenstein destroys the Protestant forces. 
• Catholics are 2:0
• Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution 
• This restores to the Catholics any property that they had lost to the Protestants up to that point. 
• 1630-1635: Swedish Phase
• Protestants have lost 2 rounds to the Catholics. 
• Protestants, Dutch allies, and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden. 
• He is charismatic, big and bold, and brash. 
• Adolphus defeats Wallenstein's forces (Catholics)
• He does this in a series of battles that causes the Catholics to not be able to become unified. 
• 1635-1648: French Phase
• Gustavus Adolphus dies.  
• France sees that the Protestants need re-enforcements now because they no longer have the Swedish. 
• Now the French, Dutch, leftover Swedes, and Protestants are against the Catholic Germans. 
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• All of the parties involved send diplomats to bring the war to a conclusion.
• Provisions of the treaty:
• 1. Each of the independent German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire was given the right to have it's own peace treaties and its own diplomacy with other countries. 
• 2. Rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas and Calvinism was accepted. 
• 3. The independence of the Dutch Republic is formally recognized. The neutrality of Switzerland is formally recognized, which continues to this day. This is written into their constitution and this is why they did not take part in WWII. 
• The Swiss wrote this in because they were beaten so badly during the 30 Years War. 
• The French annexed part of Alsace. 
• No side won the 30 Years War. 
• The treaties and boundaries that were set-up basically construct what we know as modern Europe. 
• Consequences of the 30 Years War
• Germany was devastated. 
• As many as 1/3 of the German people were killed. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany.
• If there was a winner, it would be France.
• France will be the dominant power in Europe for a long time after this.
• The Vatican basically uses the largest Catholic countries during this time period as pawns for their war against the Protestants.  

Missed Notes

• Spain 17th Century
  • The Wars of King Phillip the Second
  • King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
  • He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
  • He left his son Phillip Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
  • Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
  • He is catholic
  • He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
  • The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
  • He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
  • Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
  • This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
  • Phillip II cam to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
  • So it was under Catholic control
  • Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
  • Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
  • They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
  • When the inquisition was imposed there was many rebellions and protests
  • The Duke of Alva  was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands  to be executed
  • This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
  • The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
  • Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
  • So he sent out the Duke of Parma
    • He was more of a diplomat
    • He smoothed over the situation
    • He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
    • But he couldn't convince everybody
    • 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
    • 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
    • Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
    • The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
  • Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
  • So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
  • Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
  • The armada is a great fleet of ships
  • Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth 1, make himself king, and make English Catholic
  • The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
  • The English navy completely dominates the Spain
  • The English have smaller lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
  • Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
  • HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
  • THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
  • This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
  • THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
  • This was in the 1580s (the Armada)

• The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
  • The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
  • Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
  • England gained all the better areas in colonization
  • The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the England

• France
  • There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
  • In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
  • The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
  • It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
  • This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
  • There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
  • 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
  • 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
    • They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
  • Religion and politics was huge during the reformation era
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
    • Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
    • With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
    • Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
    • The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots are ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
    • Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
    • This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
    • This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
    • During the War a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre , rises up and becomes the leader of one of the house of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
    • House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
  • 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
  • He realizes h is religious hot water here
  • So he converts to Catholicism
  • Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
  • Henry literally saves France

• Holy Roman Empire
  • Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
  • It was made up of principalities
  • Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
  • 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
  • The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
  • Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
  • They set up a structural situation where the thirty years wear is going to develop
  • IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
  • Because of this there are many unions made
  • 1608: Protestant Union is formed
  • 1609: the Catholic League is formed
  • During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
  • The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though

11/10/10 Notes

• In 1603 England and Scotland came together. 
• James Stuart was James VI of Scotland. When he becomes King of England he becomes James I of England. 
• James believes that there should be an absolute monarchy. This causes a strained relationship between him and Parliament. 
• England and Scotland tore each other apart through civil wars. 
• Charles I of England was the second son of James I. 
• In the end there would be a united Britain, but not a united kingdom, a united republic. 

The British Wars

• They were wars of ideas. 
• Should people be governed by their own consent or by God?
• http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Early_Stuarts_and_the_Civil_War.htm
• The Gunpowder Plot
• Guy Fawkes
• The Rise of the Puritans
• The Puritans did not get along with James
• James was Protestant, but he believed that they were too radical. 
• The King James Bible
• 17th Century translation of the Bible into English
• Still used by many Protestants 
• High points of English literature in the 17th Century
• Charles I
• Son of James I.
• Continues his fathers policies, as well as his father's harsh relationship with parliament. 
• Fought with Parliament over the right to levy taxes. 
• parliament responded with the Petition of Right in 1628. 
• Ship Money
• a tax that previously applied only to ports.  
• In 1634, Charles attempted to levy "ship-money"
• Parliament is dissolved and reinstated. 
• Civil War
• Parliament was making demands that the king refused to meet
• The nobility and the peasantry supported the king, but the middle class was against him. 
• The middle class was against him because they could stand to lose or gain money depending on their business
• They will never be part of the nobility, but they could lose all their money and become peasants. 
• The peasants can't become any lower than they are. 
• They peasants depend on the nobility for their survival, so they are on the nobles side. 
• Roundheads 
• Parliamentary troops
• supported by the middle class
• Cavaliers
• The King's army
• supported by nobility and peasantry 
• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
• Marston Moor
• The death of a king

• These wars were the crucible of our modern history. 
• Charles believed that kings were little gods on earth. 
• He would only listen to the people when he felt it was necessary
• Money triggered the countdown to the civil war. 
• England declared war on Spain which used up much of their money. 
• Charles wanted to be a Christian warrior. 
• Henry Stuart was the older brother of Charles and he died young. 
• The first son of James I
• His little brother Charles I takes his places as king. 
• King Charles dismissed Parliament. 
• Charles was forced to call another Parliament because he ran out of moeny again. 

Women in the Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance

• Christine de Pizan 
• writer during the Renaissance
• wrote a history of famous women
• often referred to as the first feminist thinker
• 1364-1434
• Born in Venice (Venitian Republic of Italy)
• Isabella d'Este
• the most famous woman of the Renaissance
• Born into the Ferrara family - a ruling family
• She married into a ruling family
• the Mantua
• She was known as an art patron. 
• Art patronage was very important during this time.
• how artists made a living and how art and culture developed during this time. 
• Perfect example of what Castiglione wrote about in The Cortier
• She was the ideal courtly lady. 

Northern Renaissance

• Erasmus
• humanist 
• worked on editing editions of the new testament. 
• his best known text is a satire called The Praise of Folly 
• satire - a joke with a pointed political message
• Makes digs at Pope Julius II
• led the papal army to war
• gave Michelangelo his commissions in the Sistine Chapel 
• Erasmus, unlike a lot of his contemporaries, continued to write in Latin. 
• Thomas More
• leading humanist in England
• lived from 1478-1535
• Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII
• wrote Utopia
• coined the word utopia.
• talked about the perfect society
• imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed for treason.
• later became a saint by the Catholic Church 
• Michel de Montaigne
• major writer and thinker in France
• brought into prominence, the personal essay
• a personal essay is on a topic written from your own point of view
• The major event of the Renaissance that changes everything for everyone was the invention of the printing press. 
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1456. 
• The first thing he printed was the Bible. 
• By 1500 there were already 8-20 million books printed.
• the printing press allows for the transmission of information to move all around Europe. 
• The printing press has a major effect on the Protestant reformation. 
• pamphlets created by Martin Luther could be spread to everyone. 
• Martin Luther
• Catholic monk
• saw a serious problem with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church
• in 1517 Luther was watching indulgences being sold and the money that came from these indulgences went to construct St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
• On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther tacks his 95 Thesis to the door of the cathedral. 
• Four key beliefs that put him at odds with the Catholic Church
• Salvation is achieved by faith alone. 
• The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life
• The Church consists of a priesthood of all believers; there would not be a pope; all people were equal; there would not be a hierarchy
• All vocations have equal merit. 
• Once Lutheranism starts, he abolishes monasteries and convents. 
• John Calvin
• basically believed that God is good and people are wicked and that very few people will be saved from sin.
• Calvinism spread across Europe. 
• The heart of Calvinism was Geneva, Switzerland. 
• Anabaptists 
• everyone hated them
• they thought they were too radical. 
• Counter-Reformation
• The Vatican starts the counter-reformation because everyone else was reforming. 
• attacked against the protestant reformation
• Pope Julius II
• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent
• reaffirmed the traditional practices of the Catholic Church including the use of relics. 
• relics were usually body parts of saints that had died.
• resists limiting papal authority. 
• Jesuits
• founded by Ignatius Loyola
• the Society of Jesus
• Catholic education
• missionary work
• combating Protestantism
• product of the Counter-Reformation

Kaplan European History Terms

Chapter Three: The Renaissance

Roman Catholic Church - 
     After the Christian Church formally split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy. It is the world’s largest Christian church with over a billion people members of it. It’s mission is to spread the gospel’s word and that of Jesus Christ

Eastern Orthodox Church - 
     The other half  of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church centered in Constantinople. Officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church; 2,000 years ago, it considers itself to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles; Its goal is to continually draw near to God throughout life; It considers other churches to be heretical.

Crusades - 
     A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.They were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century

Bubonic Plague (Black Death) - 
     A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria that lived on rats and wiped out 30% of the population. A deadly pandemic that peaked between 1348-1350. The plague killed about the third of Europe’s population- between 30 and 60% of it. The disease was transported through fleas that were often on rats and other animals. Within eight days four out of five people will die after inducing the disease. Symptoms include: High fever, purple rash patches, diarrhea, throwing up blood, and a respiratory collapse.
 

Gunpowder - 
     Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese.  The first time it came about in Europe was in 1250 A.D. in Norway. It was made of coal and sulfur and was a major factor of warfare.


Medici - 
     An influential family in Florence that became rich from developing a bank Giovanni Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all big patrons of the arts. The Medici family was a political dynasty that gained power from banking under Cosimo De Medici. Their bank was the largest in Europe and their political power was located in Florence.


Oligarchies - 
     Communities of the wealthy and powerful that rule city States.a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small segment of society that is determined by royalty, wealth, family friends, or military control. They are tyrannical and rest all of their works on the shoulders of the slaves.

Condottieri - 
     Condottieri are foreign mercenaries soldier leaders, who contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance; Condottiero means "contractor" in Italian.


New Monarchies - 
Tudors- The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty
Valois - a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet as kings of France from 1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois
Habsburgs - One of the most importantroyal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires and several other countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg


Humanism - 
Humanism- liberal arts
coutiers- the people in the nobility within the court of the princes
ex. balsassare Castiglione- a noble born into a very pretigious family wrote a book about how to be the proper noblemen


Renaissance Man - 
A well educated person who excels in many subjects and fields.

Virtu - 
Virtù is a concept most notably theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli centered on the martial spirit of a population or leader, but also encompasses a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state and "the achievement of great things."

Perspective - 
Is the way objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes and the position of the eye relative to the objects


Leonardo da Vinci - 
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time as well as one of the most diversely talented people of all time.


Michaelangelo - 
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni; A painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer during Renaissance; Leonardo da Vinci was his rival and fellow Italian; Best-documented artist of the 16th century; Pieta and David were the two of his best-known works; sculpted before he turned thirty.


Frescoes - 
Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco  which derives from the Latin word for "fresh". Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods.

Madonnas - 
Paintings prompts, popular in the Italian Renaissance, of the the Madonna. The most popular was the Madonna and Child by Raphael Sanzio. At this time, however, religious paintings were declining as secularism and paganism peaks in popularity during the Renaissance.

Raphael Sanzio - 
A painter and architect of the high renissance. Better known as Raphael. With Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci he forms the traditional trinity of great masters during this period.

Pieta -
Pieta is Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus. It is a sculpture and the word means pity.  
 
Filippo Brunelleschi  - 
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers in the Italian Renaissance. All of the principal works of his are in Florence, Italy.
 
Dante Alighieri - 
Commonly known as Dante; An Italian poet of the Middle Ages; Born in Florence; died and buried in Ravenna; His work, Divine Comedy, is considered the greated literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature; Known as "the Supreme Poet" in Italy


Francesco Petrarch - 
(July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliestRenaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".[1] In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio and, especially, Dante Alighieri.

Giovanni Boccaccio - 
Giovanni Boccaccio notable humanist of the italian Renaissance and writer of the Decameron. He was a poet who wrote in the Italian vernacular and wrote his novel on how to be mannerly towards women. From the early renaissance.
 
Baldassare Castiglioni -
Castiglioni was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and a Renaissance author.


Niccolo Machiavelli - 
Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was a founder of modern political science and wrote The Prince.
 
Christian Humanists - 
People who believe that human freedom and individualism are natural parts of the Christian doctrine. There was an explosion of increased faith during the Rennaisance because of a greater belief in the capabilities of man.


New Universities - 
In Northern Renaissance, education became the key; New universities are built in Spain, France, Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany; Between 1386-1506 fourteen universities were established in Germany; Most important was Wittenberg, founded in 1502; No new universities are established in Italy in the 15th century

Fugger - 
The Fugger (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊɡɐ]) family was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists like the Welserand the Höchstetter families. This banking family replaced the family known as the Medici who influenced all of Europe during the Renaissance. The Fuggers took over many of the Medici assets as well as their political power and influence


Thomas More - 
English lawyer, humanist, philosopher, author, and statesmen of the Italian renaissance. Important counsellor of Henry VIII and Lord Chancellor at the end of his life. Considered a saint in the Catholic Church.
 
Desiderius Erasmus - 
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28,[1] 1466 – July 12, 1536), sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, was aDutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian.


Mysticism - 
In religion, the attempt by an individual to achieve a personal unionwith God or with some other divine being or principle. Mysticsgenerally practice daily meditation.

Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life - 
The Brethren of the Common Life (Latin: Fratres Vitae Communis) was a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ. Without taking up irrevocable vows, the Brethren[1] banded together in communities, giving up their worldly goods to live chaste and strictly regulated lives in common houses, devoting every waking hour to attending divine service, reading and preaching of sermons, labouring productively and taking meals in common that were accompanied by the reading aloud of Scripture: "judged from the ascetic discipline and intention of this life, it had few features which distinguished it from life in a monastery", observes Hans Baron.

Flemish Masters - 
The Flemish Masters were artists. They began with Van Eyck, who did oil paintings. These artists, drew on both the recent innovations of Italian painting and the local traditions of the Early Netherlandish artists. Antwerp was the most important artistic centre in the region. Many artists worked for European courts, including Bosch, whose fantastic painted images left a long legacy. Dutch and Flemish painters were also instrumental in establishing new subjects such as landscape painting and genre painting.Joachim Patinir, for example, played an important role in developing landscape, while Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Aertsen helped popularise genre painting.

Star Chamber - 
An English court of law established by Henry; set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people; a very powerful court;

Inquisition - 
The Inquisition in Spain, under state control from 1480 to 1834,marked by the extreme severity and cruelty of its proceedings inthe 16th century.

Holy Roman Empire - 
A realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories.

5. Use Machiavelli to argue against The Beatitudes.

The Beatitudes call for a perfect world where everyone is holy and follows the rules of God.  This is something someone should aim for, but it is practically impossible for anyone to meet these standards.  Machiavelli knows this.  In writing The Prince he had to be realistic about what actually goes on in the world and how to survive in it.  The Beatitudes say, "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven."  (Matthew 5:3 New International Version) This beatitude says that those who have not had the best of luck and are poor will be saved and raised up to the Heaven when they die.  They need to be humble and live holy lives in order to make it to Heaven.  Machiavelli argues that a prince should do whatever it takes to gain power and to rise up in life, no matter what the cost. The Beatitudes also say, "Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy."  (Matthew 5:7 New International Version) Machiavelli argues that a prince needs to be strict and cruel at times in order to remain in power.  He says that it's acceptable for a prince to even kill at times if it is necessary.  The prince should not show mercy because then he will be seen as week.  Machiavelli doesn't agree that a person needs to be holy and have good qualities.  He says that is good to show some good qualities, but that trying to keep them takes too much time and energy, so a prince should focus more on doing whatever it takes to be in power. Machiavelli does not see living a life on the straight and narrow path as being the most important.

Works Cited:

Machiavelli, N. (1532). The Prince. Florence: Antonio Blado d'Asola. .

Holy Roman Empire Presentation

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4. Use The Beatitudes to argue against Machiavelli.

Machiavelli's views in The Prince go against God's word and will. Machiavelli says that in order to have control of a principality one must be brutal. Machiavelli uses Agathocles the Sicilian as an example of this. Agathocles had risen in power to become the Praetor of Syracuse. He was determined to become prince and use violence to do it. One day Agathocles gathered the people and senate of Syracuse, pretending that he had to discuss things about the Republic with them. When he gave a signal, the soldiers killed all of the senators and the richest people. This allowed Agathocles to take control over the princedom. (Ch. 13) Machiavelli doesn't say that this was a way to gain glory, but that it was a way to gain control over a principality which is of most importance. He feels that it is ok to be cruel in order to gain power. The Beatitudes say, "blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth." (Matthew 5:5 New International Version) Someone who is meek does not kill people to gain power, which is what Machiavelli is suggesting a prince should do. Machiavelli says, "...because how one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live, that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done, sooner effects his ruin than his preservation; for a man who wishes to act entirely up to his professions of virtue soon meets with what destroys him among so much that is evil." (Ch. 15) Machiavelli is saying that a prince should not be concerned about living the way the Lord wants because there is so much that is bad in the world that a prince has to be able to deal with and defend against evil and being peaceful and holy will not let him do this. The Beatitudes say, "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God." (Matthew 5:8 New International Version) One who is committing evil acts in order to remain powerful are not pure in heart. In The Prince Machiavelli basically says that it is better to be feared and powerful than it is to be loved and insignificant. (Ch. 17) As long as the prince is in power then nothing else matters. The prince remaining in power is important to him, but in reality when it comes time to be judged by God having been a powerful ruler will not matter because in the end it is whether or not you lived your life in a holy way that matters.

Works Cited:

Machiavelli, N. (1532). The Prince. Florence: Antonio Blado d'Asola. .

10/28/10 - Review

• Principalities of Italy 
•  Milan, Florence, Venice 
• England was ruled by monarchial families. Italian city-states were ruled by wealthy merchant families. 
• Quattrocento - ex. Medici family coming into power. 
• Medici family 
• Giovanni, Cosmo, Lorenzo 
• Artists 
• Giotto, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael 
• In England you had futile society - the lord of the land and the serfs that worked the land. No movement between social orders. 
• In Italy there was movement between social orders. If you could make money and gain influence you could rise up through the social orders.
• Oration of the Dignity of Man - Pico della Mirandola
• Renaissance
• Celebration of the individual in painting 
• Arts and classical learning 
• Secular spirit
• Very intellectual
• not completely bound to what religion tells them to do. 
• Humanism
• Courtier - people in the nobility within the court of the princes that Machiavelli talks about.
• Were like the knights of England.  
• Castiglione - wrote a book about how to be a proper nobleman: The Book of the Courtier.  This had a great influence on the culture of the court and what it meant to be refined and sophisticated. 
• All of this comes to a rude ending when Lorenzo dies at age 43.  He does not leave a strong leader behind for Florence. 
• In 1494, Charles VIII of France invades Italy with the hope of conquering Naples. 
• The problem is that there are principalities between France and Naples.  Fighting breaks out in the area. 
• King Ferdinand II of Aragon contests France's claim to Naples. 
• Spain and France start to fight. 
• Italian War of 1521-1526
• Machiavelli 
• lived from 1469-1527
• Many people consider him to be the father of modern political science. 
• The Prince 
• He wanted to write a book that any prince in the principalities of Italy could use to make their cities strong again and reunify the areas of Italy that were hurt by the Italian War.
• It was not published until 1532
• 3 most important things that princes needed to know. 
• 1. Approach their relations with the people from the pessimistic view of society. 
• 2. Because human nature is selfish and greedy, a prince has to be able to manipulate people and use situations to get his own ulterior motives. 
• 3. A prince must be both ruthless and pragmatic (seeing everything from a political standpoint). 
• prag·ma·tism  –noun
• 1. character or conduct that emphasizes practicality.
• 2.a philosophical movement or system having various forms, butgenerally stressing practical consequences as constitutingthe essential criterion in determining meaning, truth, or value