- Christine de Pizan
- writer during the Renaissance
- wrote a history of famous women
- often referred to as the first feminist thinker
- 1364-1434
- Born in Venice (Venitian Republic of Italy)
- Isabella d'Este
- the most famous woman of the Renaissance
- Born into the Ferrara family - a ruling family
- She married into a ruling family
- the Mantua
- She was known as an art patron.
- Art patronage was very important during this time.
- how artists made a living and how art and culture developed during this time.
- Perfect example of what Castiglione wrote about in The Cortier
- She was the ideal courtly lady.
Northern Renaissance
- Erasmus
- humanist
- worked on editing editions of the new testament.
- his best known text is a satire called The Praise of Folly
- satire - a joke with a pointed political message
- Makes digs at Pope Julius II
- led the papal army to war
- gave Michelangelo his commissions in the Sistine Chapel
- Erasmus, unlike a lot of his contemporaries, continued to write in Latin.
- Thomas More
- leading humanist in England
- lived from 1478-1535
- Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII
- wrote Utopia
- coined the word utopia.
- talked about the perfect society
- imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed for treason.
- later became a saint by the Catholic Church
- Michel de Montaigne
- major writer and thinker in France
- brought into prominence, the personal essay
- a personal essay is on a topic written from your own point of view
- The major event of the Renaissance that changes everything for everyone was the invention of the printing press.
- Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1456.
- The first thing he printed was the Bible.
- By 1500 there were already 8-20 million books printed.
- the printing press allows for the transmission of information to move all around Europe.
- The printing press has a major effect on the Protestant reformation.
- pamphlets created by Martin Luther could be spread to everyone.
- Martin Luther
- Catholic monk
- saw a serious problem with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church
- in 1517 Luther was watching indulgences being sold and the money that came from these indulgences went to construct St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
- On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther tacks his 95 Thesis to the door of the cathedral.
- Four key beliefs that put him at odds with the Catholic Church
- Salvation is achieved by faith alone.
- The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life
- The Church consists of a priesthood of all believers; there would not be a pope; all people were equal; there would not be a hierarchy
- All vocations have equal merit.
- Once Lutheranism starts, he abolishes monasteries and convents.
- John Calvin
- basically believed that God is good and people are wicked and that very few people will be saved from sin.
- Calvinism spread across Europe.
- The heart of Calvinism was Geneva, Switzerland.
- Anabaptists
- everyone hated them
- they thought they were too radical.
- Counter-Reformation
- The Vatican starts the counter-reformation because everyone else was reforming.
- attacked against the protestant reformation
- Pope Julius II
- Pope Paul III
- Council of Trent
- reaffirmed the traditional practices of the Catholic Church including the use of relics.
- relics were usually body parts of saints that had died.
- resists limiting papal authority.
- Jesuits
- founded by Ignatius Loyola
- the Society of Jesus
- Catholic education
- missionary work
- combating Protestantism
- product of the Counter-Reformation
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