Restoration England

Restoration England - Restore the Stuart line after Cromwell

• Charles I has been executed
• Cromwell comes to power
• Charles II is exiled. 
• Cromwell called himself a seeker
• He wanted God's destiny for himself and his country. 
• Cromwell's vanities were stripped away and he became more religious.  
• Cromwell sensed that God had a special service for him. 
• He reformed his life. 
• He went to war with no military experience. His sense of divine appointment made him confident. 
• Charles was an imperishable martyr. 
• Charles II was waiting for his call from exile in France. 
• Cromwell wanted to take power from the Papacy. 
• Charles' execution was going to be a sacrifice. 
• The Levelers wanted to level the field for all classes of people. 
• They stood against Cromwell.
• The Leveler men were held captive for their protests and treason.
• Leveler women grouped together to help their husbands. 
• The women wanted to be seen as regular people in society and were very revolutionary. 
• Oliver got a degree in law at Oxford. 
• The target of Cromwell's march through blood was an army of royalists holding out on Ireland. 
• At least 3,000 Irish soldiers were butchered under Cromwell's orders, most of them after they had surrendered and been disarmed. 
• Cromwell treated Ireland like the primitive colony he thought it was. 
• He moved the Irish off their land and used it as payment to his soldiers. 
• Charles II was invited to be Ireland's king. 
• Charles II ran away, after a battle until he could be smuggled out of the country. 
• When Cromwell came back to London he was an English Caesar. 
• Cromwell turned Great Britain into a Republic. 
• Parliament and Cromwell were against each other. Cromwell accused Parliament of being unjust. 
• He called in the musketeers and parliament was shut down. 
• Cromwell was striking out against the Commonwealth. 
• Power would have almost been given to Cromwell, but he refused, claiming that he was working for God. 
• Cromwell could have ceased power but he wasn't working for himself. He was working for God. 
• He was king in all, but name. 
• His hope was for a settling. 
• He did not know which direction to take the country. 
• England was being put back together by returning to it's original ways. 
• Cromwell let his major generals go to work.  
• The major generals were employed by Cromwell to shut down everything happening in his country.
• The Protectorate 
• Jews were finally allowed to worship and live openly. 
• Cromwell opened a new chapter of Anglo-Jewish history. 
• Cromwell could never shake off his sense of unworthiness.  This is what saved him and England from a dictatorship. 
• Real dictators believed they were God.  Cromwell believed that he worked FOR God. 
• Sept. 3 1668, Cromwell died, while an immense black tempest was ripping over England. 
• The old wives said that it was "the devil coming for his soul."
• Great Britain had religious freedom. 
• George Monk: a royalist in the civil war. 
• He knew that the only person who could take Cromwell's place was a new king. 
• Charles the II came to the throne because England needed a successor to Oliver Cromwell. 
• People of high treason were punished by being drawn and quartered. 
• Drawn and quartered -  They were ritually hanged (almost to the point of death), emasculated, disembowelled, beheaded and quartered (chopped into four pieces).
• Charles II
• He came back to London joyfully and triumphantly. 
• He was crowned on April 23, 1661. 
• Even before he was crowned there were people looking for revenge against him because of problems they had had with his father. 
• January 1661 - the remains of Cromwell were dragged out of his tomb and tortured. 
• The "Cromwellians" worried that the new ruling power would not be good for them. 
• The Restoration restored the sovereignty of the country. 
• Charles was a reasonable Stuart king. 
• Summer of 1664, a comet appeared in the sky of England. 
• The people believed that this was a bad sign. 
• A year later the Bubonic Plague hit England. 
• During the plague, one out of every six Londoner died. 
• September 2nd, 1666.
• A fire had started in a baker's shop in London. 
• In a matter of a few hours, hundreds of homes had been swallowed by the flames.   

Test Grade

# wrong - 25

50/50

Yay! :D

The Test That Will Take My Grade From An A to a F: Part 2

48. Prince Henry the Navigator
49. Christopher Columbus
50. Columbian Exchange
51. Maize
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock
54. Presbyterian
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. East India Trading Company
58. No
59. *
60. Middle Class
61. House of Lords
62. Protestant
63. Stuart
64. Presbyterian
65. 1557-1603
66. Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. Petition of Rights
69. William Laud
70. Scotland
71. Cavilery/Royalists
72. Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. Republic
75. Lord Chancellor
76. Levellers
77. Charles II
78. Restoration
79. Thomas Hobbes
80. 1974

The Test That Will Take My Grade From An A to a F

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Fredericksburg
4. The Domo (spelling?)
5. Freebie - March __ 1517
6. Faith
7. The Bible
8. Catholic (Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, Priests, etc.)
9. Protestants
10. False
11. German Peasantry
12. Catholicism
13. Protestantism
14. **
15. Luther believed that only faith alone was necessary to get to Heaven instead of faith and good works.
16. Luther did not want to anger people that were high up politically so he would back off when in conflict with political leaders.
17. Calvin
18. Geneva
19. Freebie
20. Huggenots
21. Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptists
24. Pope Julius II
25. Council of Trent
26. True
27. Gutenberg Bible
28. Loyola
29. Make it to Heaven
30. 16th
31. Brunelleschi
32. Ferdinand
33. Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Massacre
35. Edict of Naples
36. 300
37. Peace of Augsburg
38. Protestant Union
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Protestant
42. Leader of Catholic League - Charles VI
Leader of Protestant Union - Frederick V
43. Gustavus Adolphus
44. Treaty of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France

11/16/10

• The Puritans declared war against signs of Romanism in the church. 
• Nobody noticed that Charles was married to a Catholic.
•  William Laud was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. 
• Laud was presenting his program as an order
• If people tried to defy him, then they had to suffer the consequences. 
• By the mid 1630's Charles could see no obstacle in his way of making the 3 kingdoms in harmony. 
• Charles was Scottish. 
• Charles had become Scotland's very first absentee king and there would be a price to pay. 
• He believed that if one kingdom had bent to his will then the others would as well. 
• The British wars began on July 23, 1637 in Edinburgh. 
• People were angry with the prayer book that Charles had introduced. 
• Missiles were fired. The targets were the dean and bishop of the cathedral.
• The Prayer Book riots were just the fuse.   
• British Wars began in 1637
• Parliament gathered again by James I of England.
• Covenant (the Scottish)
• Document which subjects signed
• Determines who was and wasn't Christian
• Charles thought they should all be punished. 
• Signed a truce to try to prevent war with the Scottish 
• The 1640 parliament picked up exactly where it left off in 1629 when Charles had put it down. 
• This parliament lasted only 3 weeks before Charles once again suspended it. 
• Thomas Wentworth 
• Was made Earl of Stratford by Charles
• Wentworth was Catholic and led a Catholic army. 
• The fighting with the Scots was  a disaster.  
• Charles needed cash fast to recover. 
• He had to reopen parliament. 
• The people wanted parliament to be elected every 3 years, no parliament could be dissolved without it's own consent, and no taxes could be made without approval by parliament. 
• When Charles agreed it was the end of the absolute monarchy. Or was it?
• Charles needed to kill Stratford to save himself from upheaval. 
• Stratford understood this.  He was beheaded in order to save Charles. 
• With Stratford executed Irish Catholics felt unprotected against Protestant reprisals. 
• They attacked first to avoid being attacked. 
• Both sides were moving fast past any point of reconciliation. 

English Civil War

• During the spring and summer of 1642 people had to decide which side to take in teh war and how to justify their decision. 
• By the time the royalist army arrived at hill their prospects had grown. 
• The royalists were commanded by Prince Rupert. 
• Roundheads = English middle class
• Merchants that need to make sure they won't lose what they have. 
• Cavaliers = nobility and peasantry 
• Peasants sided with nobles because they would always be peasants and they had nothing to lose except their employers (the nobles). 
• Oliver Cromwell
• 1644-1645 made a new kind of army
• used discipline in exchange for food and supplies. 
• defeated the royal army. 
• Charles still didn't want to share power after the war was over. 
• tried to reverse his defeat and turn other parties (Scots, Parliament, military) against each other. 
• Cromwell knew that Charles needed to die. 
• A second civil war began. 
• Cromwell's supporters had no desire to go back to lords and gentlemen.
• The trial and execution of Charles I in a sense creates modern Britain. 
• 1649: Charles is executed. 

Review

• 1603: the end of the Tudor line and beginning of the Stuart line. 
• James believed in the Divine right of Kings. 
• power in the monarchy came directly from God.
• James fought with parliament, especially the Puritan members. 
• James preferred the hierarchy of bishops that continued in the Anglican Church. He needed the hierarchy of bishops to maintain control over England. 
• When James I dies, his son, Charles I, becomes king.
• Like his father, he believes in the Divine Right of King, needs money, supports Anglican Church, and is against Puritans. 
• In 1628 Charles the Petition of Rights. 
• No one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without the consent of parliament. 
• No one can be put into prison without the due process of law. 
• Sings it in return for money.
• William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury) wants to turn Church of England into a non-papal Catholic Church. 
• Laud wants the Bishopry and hierarchy of the Catholic Church, but he doesn't want the pope. 
• In 1639 Laud tries to impose the English book of prayer onto the Scottish Presbyterians.
• Called the Prayer Book Riot
• Scottish didn't appreciate that, and a war starts. 
• Charles needs funding for this war.
• 1640-1648 we have the Long Parliament.
• Charles reluctantly calls parliament back into session. 
• This causes a constitutional and religious crisis.  
• Tries to undo  Charles' royal tyranny
• Executes William Laud
• Makes laws to limit royal power. 

DBQ Format Quiz

1. What is the range of scores for a DBQ essay?
Between 0-9.

2. If a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement what's the highest score you can get?
3

3. If you have 12 documents, what is the bare minimum of documents you must cite in your DBQ?
7

4. Explain what bias is.
Bias is when someone has a tendency to lean one way.

5. Explain what is meant by "groupings."
Groupings are a way to organize documents into categories.

6. What would the citation for document 5 look like?
(Author, Doc 5)

Thirty Years War

• In 1618 war breaks out between the Protestant Union and Catholic League
• Holy Roman Empire is split in 2 between Catholics and Protestants.
• Phases of the 30 Years War
• 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase
• This began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in the region of Bohemia in German. 
• Catholic were led by Ferdinand II
• Protestants were led by Frederick IV
• Catholic forces win.
• Catholics and Habsburgs take control over Bohemia. 
• 1625-1629: Danish Phase
• King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) with the support of Dutch and English intervened to support the Protestants. 
• Dutch were the Calvinists. They lived in the northern part of the Netherlands. Catholics lived in the south. Spain supported them.
• Christian IV of Denmark vs. Albert Wallenstein (Catholic) 
• Wallenstein was the general in charge of the Holy Roman Empire's armies. 
•  Wallenstein destroys the Protestant forces. 
• Catholics are 2:0
• Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution 
• This restores to the Catholics any property that they had lost to the Protestants up to that point. 
• 1630-1635: Swedish Phase
• Protestants have lost 2 rounds to the Catholics. 
• Protestants, Dutch allies, and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden. 
• He is charismatic, big and bold, and brash. 
• Adolphus defeats Wallenstein's forces (Catholics)
• He does this in a series of battles that causes the Catholics to not be able to become unified. 
• 1635-1648: French Phase
• Gustavus Adolphus dies.  
• France sees that the Protestants need re-enforcements now because they no longer have the Swedish. 
• Now the French, Dutch, leftover Swedes, and Protestants are against the Catholic Germans. 
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• All of the parties involved send diplomats to bring the war to a conclusion.
• Provisions of the treaty:
• 1. Each of the independent German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire was given the right to have it's own peace treaties and its own diplomacy with other countries. 
• 2. Rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas and Calvinism was accepted. 
• 3. The independence of the Dutch Republic is formally recognized. The neutrality of Switzerland is formally recognized, which continues to this day. This is written into their constitution and this is why they did not take part in WWII. 
• The Swiss wrote this in because they were beaten so badly during the 30 Years War. 
• The French annexed part of Alsace. 
• No side won the 30 Years War. 
• The treaties and boundaries that were set-up basically construct what we know as modern Europe. 
• Consequences of the 30 Years War
• Germany was devastated. 
• As many as 1/3 of the German people were killed. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany.
• If there was a winner, it would be France.
• France will be the dominant power in Europe for a long time after this.
• The Vatican basically uses the largest Catholic countries during this time period as pawns for their war against the Protestants.  

Missed Notes

• Spain 17th Century
  • The Wars of King Phillip the Second
  • King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
  • He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
  • He left his son Phillip Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
  • Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
  • He is catholic
  • He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
  • The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
  • He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
  • Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
  • This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
  • Phillip II cam to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
  • So it was under Catholic control
  • Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
  • Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
  • They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
  • When the inquisition was imposed there was many rebellions and protests
  • The Duke of Alva  was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands  to be executed
  • This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
  • The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
  • Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
  • So he sent out the Duke of Parma
    • He was more of a diplomat
    • He smoothed over the situation
    • He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
    • But he couldn't convince everybody
    • 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
    • 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
    • Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
    • The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
  • Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
  • So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
  • Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
  • The armada is a great fleet of ships
  • Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth 1, make himself king, and make English Catholic
  • The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
  • The English navy completely dominates the Spain
  • The English have smaller lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
  • Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
  • HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
  • THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
  • This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
  • THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
  • This was in the 1580s (the Armada)

• The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
  • The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
  • Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
  • England gained all the better areas in colonization
  • The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the England

• France
  • There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
  • In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
  • The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
  • It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
  • This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
  • There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
  • 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
  • 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
    • They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
  • Religion and politics was huge during the reformation era
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
    • Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
    • With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
    • Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
    • The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots are ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
    • Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
    • This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
    • This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
    • During the War a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre , rises up and becomes the leader of one of the house of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
    • House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
  • 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
  • He realizes h is religious hot water here
  • So he converts to Catholicism
  • Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
  • Henry literally saves France

• Holy Roman Empire
  • Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
  • It was made up of principalities
  • Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
  • 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
  • The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
  • Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
  • They set up a structural situation where the thirty years wear is going to develop
  • IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
  • Because of this there are many unions made
  • 1608: Protestant Union is formed
  • 1609: the Catholic League is formed
  • During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
  • The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though

11/10/10 Notes

• In 1603 England and Scotland came together. 
• James Stuart was James VI of Scotland. When he becomes King of England he becomes James I of England. 
• James believes that there should be an absolute monarchy. This causes a strained relationship between him and Parliament. 
• England and Scotland tore each other apart through civil wars. 
• Charles I of England was the second son of James I. 
• In the end there would be a united Britain, but not a united kingdom, a united republic. 

The British Wars

• They were wars of ideas. 
• Should people be governed by their own consent or by God?
• http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Early_Stuarts_and_the_Civil_War.htm
• The Gunpowder Plot
• Guy Fawkes
• The Rise of the Puritans
• The Puritans did not get along with James
• James was Protestant, but he believed that they were too radical. 
• The King James Bible
• 17th Century translation of the Bible into English
• Still used by many Protestants 
• High points of English literature in the 17th Century
• Charles I
• Son of James I.
• Continues his fathers policies, as well as his father's harsh relationship with parliament. 
• Fought with Parliament over the right to levy taxes. 
• parliament responded with the Petition of Right in 1628. 
• Ship Money
• a tax that previously applied only to ports.  
• In 1634, Charles attempted to levy "ship-money"
• Parliament is dissolved and reinstated. 
• Civil War
• Parliament was making demands that the king refused to meet
• The nobility and the peasantry supported the king, but the middle class was against him. 
• The middle class was against him because they could stand to lose or gain money depending on their business
• They will never be part of the nobility, but they could lose all their money and become peasants. 
• The peasants can't become any lower than they are. 
• They peasants depend on the nobility for their survival, so they are on the nobles side. 
• Roundheads 
• Parliamentary troops
• supported by the middle class
• Cavaliers
• The King's army
• supported by nobility and peasantry 
• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
• Marston Moor
• The death of a king

• These wars were the crucible of our modern history. 
• Charles believed that kings were little gods on earth. 
• He would only listen to the people when he felt it was necessary
• Money triggered the countdown to the civil war. 
• England declared war on Spain which used up much of their money. 
• Charles wanted to be a Christian warrior. 
• Henry Stuart was the older brother of Charles and he died young. 
• The first son of James I
• His little brother Charles I takes his places as king. 
• King Charles dismissed Parliament. 
• Charles was forced to call another Parliament because he ran out of moeny again. 

Women in the Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance

• Christine de Pizan 
• writer during the Renaissance
• wrote a history of famous women
• often referred to as the first feminist thinker
• 1364-1434
• Born in Venice (Venitian Republic of Italy)
• Isabella d'Este
• the most famous woman of the Renaissance
• Born into the Ferrara family - a ruling family
• She married into a ruling family
• the Mantua
• She was known as an art patron. 
• Art patronage was very important during this time.
• how artists made a living and how art and culture developed during this time. 
• Perfect example of what Castiglione wrote about in The Cortier
• She was the ideal courtly lady. 

Northern Renaissance

• Erasmus
• humanist 
• worked on editing editions of the new testament. 
• his best known text is a satire called The Praise of Folly 
• satire - a joke with a pointed political message
• Makes digs at Pope Julius II
• led the papal army to war
• gave Michelangelo his commissions in the Sistine Chapel 
• Erasmus, unlike a lot of his contemporaries, continued to write in Latin. 
• Thomas More
• leading humanist in England
• lived from 1478-1535
• Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII
• wrote Utopia
• coined the word utopia.
• talked about the perfect society
• imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed for treason.
• later became a saint by the Catholic Church 
• Michel de Montaigne
• major writer and thinker in France
• brought into prominence, the personal essay
• a personal essay is on a topic written from your own point of view
• The major event of the Renaissance that changes everything for everyone was the invention of the printing press. 
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1456. 
• The first thing he printed was the Bible. 
• By 1500 there were already 8-20 million books printed.
• the printing press allows for the transmission of information to move all around Europe. 
• The printing press has a major effect on the Protestant reformation. 
• pamphlets created by Martin Luther could be spread to everyone. 
• Martin Luther
• Catholic monk
• saw a serious problem with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church
• in 1517 Luther was watching indulgences being sold and the money that came from these indulgences went to construct St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
• On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther tacks his 95 Thesis to the door of the cathedral. 
• Four key beliefs that put him at odds with the Catholic Church
• Salvation is achieved by faith alone. 
• The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life
• The Church consists of a priesthood of all believers; there would not be a pope; all people were equal; there would not be a hierarchy
• All vocations have equal merit. 
• Once Lutheranism starts, he abolishes monasteries and convents. 
• John Calvin
• basically believed that God is good and people are wicked and that very few people will be saved from sin.
• Calvinism spread across Europe. 
• The heart of Calvinism was Geneva, Switzerland. 
• Anabaptists 
• everyone hated them
• they thought they were too radical. 
• Counter-Reformation
• The Vatican starts the counter-reformation because everyone else was reforming. 
• attacked against the protestant reformation
• Pope Julius II
• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent
• reaffirmed the traditional practices of the Catholic Church including the use of relics. 
• relics were usually body parts of saints that had died.
• resists limiting papal authority. 
• Jesuits
• founded by Ignatius Loyola
• the Society of Jesus
• Catholic education
• missionary work
• combating Protestantism
• product of the Counter-Reformation

Kaplan European History Terms

Chapter Three: The Renaissance

Roman Catholic Church - 
     After the Christian Church formally split in 1054 half of it became the Roman Catholic Church. This was centered in Italy. It is the world’s largest Christian church with over a billion people members of it. It’s mission is to spread the gospel’s word and that of Jesus Christ

Eastern Orthodox Church - 
     The other half  of the Christian Church became the Eastern Orthodox Church centered in Constantinople. Officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church; 2,000 years ago, it considers itself to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles; Its goal is to continually draw near to God throughout life; It considers other churches to be heretical.

Crusades - 
     A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.They were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century

Bubonic Plague (Black Death) - 
     A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria that lived on rats and wiped out 30% of the population. A deadly pandemic that peaked between 1348-1350. The plague killed about the third of Europe’s population- between 30 and 60% of it. The disease was transported through fleas that were often on rats and other animals. Within eight days four out of five people will die after inducing the disease. Symptoms include: High fever, purple rash patches, diarrhea, throwing up blood, and a respiratory collapse.
 

Gunpowder - 
     Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese.  The first time it came about in Europe was in 1250 A.D. in Norway. It was made of coal and sulfur and was a major factor of warfare.


Medici - 
     An influential family in Florence that became rich from developing a bank Giovanni Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all big patrons of the arts. The Medici family was a political dynasty that gained power from banking under Cosimo De Medici. Their bank was the largest in Europe and their political power was located in Florence.


Oligarchies - 
     Communities of the wealthy and powerful that rule city States.a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small segment of society that is determined by royalty, wealth, family friends, or military control. They are tyrannical and rest all of their works on the shoulders of the slaves.

Condottieri - 
     Condottieri are foreign mercenaries soldier leaders, who contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance; Condottiero means "contractor" in Italian.


New Monarchies - 
Tudors- The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty
Valois - a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet as kings of France from 1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois
Habsburgs - One of the most importantroyal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires and several other countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg


Humanism - 
Humanism- liberal arts
coutiers- the people in the nobility within the court of the princes
ex. balsassare Castiglione- a noble born into a very pretigious family wrote a book about how to be the proper noblemen


Renaissance Man - 
A well educated person who excels in many subjects and fields.

Virtu - 
Virtù is a concept most notably theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli centered on the martial spirit of a population or leader, but also encompasses a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state and "the achievement of great things."

Perspective - 
Is the way objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes and the position of the eye relative to the objects


Leonardo da Vinci - 
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time as well as one of the most diversely talented people of all time.


Michaelangelo - 
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni; A painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer during Renaissance; Leonardo da Vinci was his rival and fellow Italian; Best-documented artist of the 16th century; Pieta and David were the two of his best-known works; sculpted before he turned thirty.


Frescoes - 
Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco  which derives from the Latin word for "fresh". Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods.

Madonnas - 
Paintings prompts, popular in the Italian Renaissance, of the the Madonna. The most popular was the Madonna and Child by Raphael Sanzio. At this time, however, religious paintings were declining as secularism and paganism peaks in popularity during the Renaissance.

Raphael Sanzio - 
A painter and architect of the high renissance. Better known as Raphael. With Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci he forms the traditional trinity of great masters during this period.

Pieta -
Pieta is Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus. It is a sculpture and the word means pity.  
 
Filippo Brunelleschi  - 
Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects and engineers in the Italian Renaissance. All of the principal works of his are in Florence, Italy.
 
Dante Alighieri - 
Commonly known as Dante; An Italian poet of the Middle Ages; Born in Florence; died and buried in Ravenna; His work, Divine Comedy, is considered the greated literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature; Known as "the Supreme Poet" in Italy


Francesco Petrarch - 
(July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliestRenaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".[1] In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio and, especially, Dante Alighieri.

Giovanni Boccaccio - 
Giovanni Boccaccio notable humanist of the italian Renaissance and writer of the Decameron. He was a poet who wrote in the Italian vernacular and wrote his novel on how to be mannerly towards women. From the early renaissance.
 
Baldassare Castiglioni -
Castiglioni was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and a Renaissance author.


Niccolo Machiavelli - 
Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was a founder of modern political science and wrote The Prince.
 
Christian Humanists - 
People who believe that human freedom and individualism are natural parts of the Christian doctrine. There was an explosion of increased faith during the Rennaisance because of a greater belief in the capabilities of man.


New Universities - 
In Northern Renaissance, education became the key; New universities are built in Spain, France, Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany; Between 1386-1506 fourteen universities were established in Germany; Most important was Wittenberg, founded in 1502; No new universities are established in Italy in the 15th century

Fugger - 
The Fugger (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊɡɐ]) family was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists like the Welserand the Höchstetter families. This banking family replaced the family known as the Medici who influenced all of Europe during the Renaissance. The Fuggers took over many of the Medici assets as well as their political power and influence


Thomas More - 
English lawyer, humanist, philosopher, author, and statesmen of the Italian renaissance. Important counsellor of Henry VIII and Lord Chancellor at the end of his life. Considered a saint in the Catholic Church.
 
Desiderius Erasmus - 
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28,[1] 1466 – July 12, 1536), sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, was aDutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian.


Mysticism - 
In religion, the attempt by an individual to achieve a personal unionwith God or with some other divine being or principle. Mysticsgenerally practice daily meditation.

Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life - 
The Brethren of the Common Life (Latin: Fratres Vitae Communis) was a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ. Without taking up irrevocable vows, the Brethren[1] banded together in communities, giving up their worldly goods to live chaste and strictly regulated lives in common houses, devoting every waking hour to attending divine service, reading and preaching of sermons, labouring productively and taking meals in common that were accompanied by the reading aloud of Scripture: "judged from the ascetic discipline and intention of this life, it had few features which distinguished it from life in a monastery", observes Hans Baron.

Flemish Masters - 
The Flemish Masters were artists. They began with Van Eyck, who did oil paintings. These artists, drew on both the recent innovations of Italian painting and the local traditions of the Early Netherlandish artists. Antwerp was the most important artistic centre in the region. Many artists worked for European courts, including Bosch, whose fantastic painted images left a long legacy. Dutch and Flemish painters were also instrumental in establishing new subjects such as landscape painting and genre painting.Joachim Patinir, for example, played an important role in developing landscape, while Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Pieter Aertsen helped popularise genre painting.

Star Chamber - 
An English court of law established by Henry; set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people; a very powerful court;

Inquisition - 
The Inquisition in Spain, under state control from 1480 to 1834,marked by the extreme severity and cruelty of its proceedings inthe 16th century.

Holy Roman Empire - 
A realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories.