Friday, November 12, 2010

Missed Notes

  • Spain 17th Century
    • The Wars of King Phillip the Second
    • King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
    • He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
    • He left his son Phillip Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
    • Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
    • He is catholic
    • He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
    • The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
    • He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
    • Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
    • This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
    • Phillip II cam to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
    • So it was under Catholic control
    • Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
    • Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
    • They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
    • When the inquisition was imposed there was many rebellions and protests
    • The Duke of Alva  was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands  to be executed
    • This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
    • The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
    • Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
    • So he sent out the Duke of Parma
      • He was more of a diplomat
      • He smoothed over the situation
      • He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
      • But he couldn't convince everybody
      • 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
      • 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
      • Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
      • The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
    • Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
    • So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
    • Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
    • The armada is a great fleet of ships
    • Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth 1, make himself king, and make English Catholic
    • The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
    • The English navy completely dominates the Spain
    • The English have smaller lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
    • Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
    • HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
    • THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
    • This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
    • THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
    • This was in the 1580s (the Armada)
  • The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
    • The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
    • Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
    • England gained all the better areas in colonization
    • The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the England
  • France
    • There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
    • In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
    • The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
    • It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
    • This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
    • There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
    • 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
    • 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
      • They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
    • Religion and politics was huge during the reformation era
    • 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
      • Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
      • With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
      • Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
      • The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots are ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
      • Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
      • This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
      • This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
      • During the War a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre , rises up and becomes the leader of one of the house of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
      • House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
    • 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
    • He realizes h is religious hot water here
    • So he converts to Catholicism
    • Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
    • Henry literally saves France
  • Holy Roman Empire
    • Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
    • It was made up of principalities
    • Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
    • 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
    • The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
    • Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
    • They set up a structural situation where the thirty years wear is going to develop
    • IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
    • Because of this there are many unions made
    • 1608: Protestant Union is formed
    • 1609: the Catholic League is formed
    • During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
    • The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though

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